Nursing care for dying children Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Nursing care for dying children - Essay Example Hockenberry and Wilson (2013: 9) provide frameworks in which RN’s should operate under to ensure a child’s wellbeing. Ewing (2009:83) encourages nurses to promote healing given the fact that death remains inevitable. Hockenberry and Wilson (2013) echo the sentiment; they give avenues in which the nurse may interact with the patient without affecting his or her thinking ability. The choices to be made are personal and need not to be interfered with. Child’s welfare needs to be included while caring for them. Giving hope and creating an ample environment would be useful in the Care of Dying Children. Ewing (2009) provides two possibilities in the care; they include paediatric palliative care and end- of- life intervention. The patient according to the article needs to be joyful and given hope while at the nurse’s care. It gives an example of the child being asked to draw pictures of his or her joyful moments in life. Ewing (2009: 83) indicates that those children suffering for terminal illnesses suffer from low esteem and other personality disorder. He indicates that most of the children perceive themselves to be different from the rest. Hockenberry and Wilson (2013) introduce an aspect of anticipatory socialization, which tend to make children feel equal even with strangers. The aspect according to Ewing is lost to children with terminal illnesses. The author advocates for psychological support where the child would be used to identify a problem and the nurse act as an intermediary in offering solution. The author also suggests communication as an aspect in caring for dying children. The article gives incidences in which communication may be used in managing personality disorders among the children. The family being an important unit in the care of the children, Hockenberry and Wilson (2013) suggest their involvement in the management of children with terminal illnesses. Ewing

Mistake and Creativity Essay Example for Free

Mistake and Creativity Essay Assignment: What is your opinion on the relationship between mistakes and creativity? Since the natural propensity of human makes a trend to possess a notion of newness and deviation, intelligence beings patiently seek to response those demands with the result of new creativity. Simultaneously, mistakes of any forms apparently are inherent to creativity either during or after process of creation. Such relationship between creativity and mistakes has generally illustrated in the biography of prominent and famous scientists, Robert J.  Oppenheimer and Thomas Edison. To satisfy and improve the prosperity of life on the Earth, the scientist, Oppenheimer, has a prosperous goal to advance the technological frontiers of man in nuclear physic, and has desire to succeed in controlling nuclear reaction. Ultimately, his creativity according to his goal and desire is atomic bomb. Oppenheimer’s creativity, in contrast, deeply connects him to a serious mistake in his life. His new innovation was seriously responsible for the immense destruction of the death of ten thousands people in Hiroshima and Nagasaki during World War II. Therefore, this destruction can be identified conspicuously that creativity is able to provide mistake in return. While creativity is a necessary thing for mankind, mistake can be seen as a material to pursue that creativity. Taking another famous scientist into consideration, Thomas Edison is isolated himself from the other in order to discover a furtive innovation on electricity. He finally invented electric bulb after trying 1000 times. However, his 999 failures are 999 mistakes that drive him to achieve his ultimate succession. Then, mistakes in this context are root and driver to definitely create innovation. In conclusion, the relationship between mistakes and creativity is a form of complement that affects or dominates each other. Hence, this relationship is a theory, which can also be applied to daily life of each people in the creation’s process.

Nature of Cortical Bone

Nature of Cortical Bone Nature of cortical bone from the millimeter to Nano-meter scale: Likewise, with every organic tissue, cortical bone has a various leveled structure. This implies cortical bone contains a wide range of structures that exist on many levels of scale. The various leveled association of cortical bone is characterized in the table below: Cortical bone structural organization: Level Cortical structure Size range h 0 Solid material >3000mm 1 Secondary Osteons (A) Primary Osteons (B) Plexiform (C) Interstitial Bone 100 to 300mm 2 Lamellae(A,B*,C*) Lacunae(A,B,C,D) Cement lines(A) 3 to 20mm 3 Collagen-Composite(A,B,C,D) 0.06 to 0.6mm Table 1 Cortical bone structural organization along with approximate physical scales. A Structures found in secondary cortical bone B Structures found in primary lamellar cortical bone C Structures found in plexiform bone D Structures found in woven bone * Structures present in B and C but much less than in A Figure 1 Cortical Bones Section view Woven-fibered cortical bone: Woven bone tissue is frequently found in extremely youthful developing skeletons less than 5 years old. Woven bone is accepted to be less thick in light of the free and muddled pressing of the sort I collagen filaments. woven bone is less hardened than different sorts of bone tissue in light of the commence that break callus is made predominantly out of woven bone and is a great deal less solid than typical bone tissue. Coordinate estimations of woven bone tissue solidness have not been made. Plexiform Cortical Bone Tissue: Figure 2 Plexiform Bone Section view Plexiform bone emerges from mineral buds which develop first opposite and after that parallel to the external bone surface. This developing example creates the block like structure normal for plexiform bone. Every block in plexiform bone is around 125 microns (mm) crosswise over. Plexiform bone, like essential and optional bone, must be shaped on existing bone or ligament surfaces and cant be framed all over again like woven bone. Because of its association, plexiform bone offers a great deal more surface territory contrasted with essential or auxiliary bone whereupon bone can be shaped. This expands the measure of bone which can be shaped in each time allotment and gave an approach to all the more quickly increment bone firmness and quality in a brief timeframe. While plexiform may have more noteworthy firmness than essential or optional cortical bone, it might do not have the break capturing properties which would make it more appropriate for more dynamic species like canines (pooc hes) and human Primary Osteonal Cortical Bone Tissue: they dont contain the same number of lamellae as auxiliary osteons. Likewise, the vascular channels inside primary osteons have a tendency to be smaller than optional osteons. Consequently, primary Osteonal cortical bone might be mechanically more stronger than secondary Osteonal cortical bone Secondary Osteonal Cortical Bone Tissue: Auxiliary osteons contrast from essential osteons in that optional osteons are framed by substitution of existing bone. Auxiliary bone outcomes from a procedure known as remodeling. In rebuilding, bone cells known as osteoclasts first resorb or destroy an area of bone in a passage called a cutting cone. Taking after the osteoclasts are bone cells known as osteoblasts which then frame issue that remains to be worked out up the passage. The osteoblasts top off the passage in stunned sums making lamellae which exist at the second level of structure. The osteoblasts dont totally fill the cutting cone however leave an inside part open. This focal bit is known as a Haversian channel (see cortical bone schematic). The aggregate breadth of an auxiliary osteon ranges from 200 to 300 microns (meant as mm; equivalent to 0.2 to 0.3 millimeters). Notwithstanding osteons, optional cortical bone tissue likewise contains interstitial bone (umich.edu, n.d.) Figure 3 Secondary Osteonal Cortical Bone Tissue Performance of Bone as a tough and light material: Most long bones appear, at first sight, to be unduly firm for the capacity they need to serve. If distinctive ones are made of bone material with similar properties, the thicker they are, the stiffer they will be. They will likewise, obviously, be heavier. Consequently, it may appear that there is a basic tradeoff amongst solidness and mass. Notwithstanding, one cant consider the firmness and mass of the bone alone. One must consider additionally the mass of the muscle and bone framework together. Regularly, as when a weight is held in the hand with the elbow twisted, the framework ought not divert at all affected by a heap. Assume that the muscle is equipped for bearing the heap. To do this, it needs a specific cross-sectional area, however its length is irrelevant. The load is appied through the hand toward the end of the bone, which will avoid to some degree, however the diversion can be taken up by compression of the muscle. On the off chance that the bone were thin and in this way light, yet adaptable, then after the load was applied, the muscle would need to get far to balance the extensive diversion of the finish of the adaptable bone. Assuming, on the other hand, the bone was stout and along these lines heavy, however stiff, after a similar load was applied, the muscle would need to contract just a short approach to balance the slight adaptability of the bone. The muscle appended to the adaptable bone would need to be longer, in light of the fact that there is more redirection in the unresolved issue up, than the muscle joined to the solid bone, and on the grounds that the two muscles must have same cross-sectional zone, the muscle connected to the more adaptable bone would accordingly be heavier. As it were, one is paying for daintiness in the bone by weight in the muscles and the other way around. The pinnacle worries in the bone would be around 75 MPa when the framework was lightest. What is fascinating about this outcome is that the anxiety esteem is generally the same as the most extreme burdens found in the legs of numerous warm blooded animals amid strenuous exercises, for example, running quick or bouncing. At the end of the day, if bones were intended to have an adaptability that would limit the mass of the bone-muscle framework, the anxieties forced by the muscles would be of the request of 75 MPa, and this is generally what we find that bones are uncovered to. It might be, in this way, that the security considers that we see bones are, inexactly, controlled by the ideal firmness for least general weight. In the event that bone material were considerably weaker than it really is, bones would be heavier, thus drive the relationship, and they would be stiffer than was ideal for least mass. Remodeling of Cortical Bone and Cancellous Bone: Cortical bone: remodels by osteoclastic tunneling (cutting cone) osteoclastic resorption > layering of osteoblasts > layering of lamellae > cement line laid down. osteoclast make up head of cutting cone, followed by capillaries and then osteoblasts which lay down the osteoid to fill the cutting cone. sclerostin inhibits osteoblastogenenesis to decrease bone formation. cortical bone continues to change over time. cortical area decreases as age increases linked to increase fracture risk medullary canal volume increases as age increases Cancellous bone remodels by osteoclastic resorption osteoblastic deposition of layers of lamellae (Moore, n.d.) Figure 4 Bone rebuilding cavity diagram. (Disord, n.d.) Bone remodeling happens in what Frost named the Basic Multicellular Unit (BMU), which includes the osteoclasts, osteoblasts, and osteocytes inside the bone-rebuilding cavity (Fig. 4). In cancellous bone rebuilding happens on the surface of trabeculae and keeps going around 200 days in ordinary bone. The rebuilding cycle can be as short as 100 days in thyrotoxicosis and essential hyperparathyroidism and surpass 1,000 days in low turnover states like Myxedema and after bisphosphonate treatment. Remodeling is started by osteoclastic resorption, which dissolves a resorption lacuna, the profundity of which fluctuates between 60 in youthful people and 40 ÃŽÂ ¼m in more established people. The resorption time frame has a middle span of 30-40 days and is trailed by bone development over a time of 150 days (Fig. 4). In typical bone the aftereffect of the remodeling cycle is finished refilling of the resorption lacuna with new bone. In sickness states like osteoporosis, the fundamental defo rmity is that the osteoblast cant refill the resorption lacuna prompting to a net loss of bone with each remodeling occasion. In cortical bone remodeling continues in passages with osteoclasts framing cutting cones evacuating harmed bone took after by refilling by osteoblasts in the end cone happening behind the osteoclasts. In typical bone the span of the renovating cycle in cortical is shorter than in cancellous bone with a middle of 120 days. The aggregate surface of cancellous bone is totally renovated over a time of 2 years. As opposed to renovating destinations in cancellous bone, which are near red marrow, known to contain osteoprogenitor cells, rebuilding locales in cortical bone are far off from red marrow. Thusly, it was expected that the components of bone remodeling were distinctive in cancellous versus cortical bone, i.e. that the cells required for bone rebuilding in cancellous bone voyaged straightforwardly from the red marrow to bone surfaces in cancellous bone, whil e cells achieved cortical remodeling destinations bone by means of the vasculature. (Eriksen, n.d.) Targeted and non-targeted remodeling: Through its steady removal and renewal of damaged bone, bone redesigning secures skeletal trustworthiness all through life. It has turned out to be standard to recognize targeted on and non-targeted on (stochastic) rebuilding. Non-targeted on rebuilding means control renovating by hormones like PTH, thyroxine, development hormone and estrogen, additionally antiresorptive medications like bisphosphonates may influence non-targeted on redesigning. It appears that the primary pathway is through regulation of osteoclasts, which then by means of the coupling amongst resorption and development along these lines influences osteoblast movement. Directed redesigning secures expulsion of harmed bone through targeted resorption. Osteocytes are the most plenteous cells in bone, and their passing by microdamage has been recommended to be the significant occasion driving in the start of osteoclastic bone resorption. In typical bone. Resorption lacunae are 3 times more regular in relationship with microcracks, showing that redesigning is related with repair of such microdamage. Harmed osteocytes advance separation of osteoclast forerunners driven by discharge of M-CSF and RANKL. In cortical bone there is confirmation to recommend, that microdamage enacts new BMUs, as well as may direct the development of existing BMUs as they passage through the cortex. It likewise appears that the level of harm to the osteocyte organize decides osteocyte metabolic reactions to stacking and impacts targeted on renovating. Investigation of the relationship of between mean microcrack length and BMU resorption space thickness in cortical bone shows that BMUs have a powerful region around 40 times more prominent than their genuine cross-area, which proposes that osteoclasts in the cutting cone of cortical BMUs can detect and direct toward microdamage. The connection amongst microdamage and start of bone renovating is further validated by the way that osteoclastic resorption is expanded in old bone. how cells are effected by mechanical loads, fluid or forces: In physical movement, mechanical strengths are applied on the bones through ground response forces and by the contractile action of muscles. These physical strengths result in an upkeep or pick up of bone mass, additionally drive adjustment of bone structure. The adjustment of trabecular bone engineering as per the requests of mechanical utilization is apparent in the vertebrae, where the trabeculae are transcendently situated in the longitudinal course, giving the most ideal imperviousness to pressure break of the vertebrae with an insignificant utilization of material. A great case of the empowering impact of mechanical stimuli on bone mass is given by the bones in the lower arm of tennis players. The ulna and radius in the arm that holds the racket are presented to high effect forces, prompting to little distortions in the hardened bone grid and an expansion in bone mass of 5 to 10% contrasted with the ulna in the contra-parallel arm. The distortions that happen in bones subsequen tly of physical forces are communicated as strain, where 1,000 microstrain breaks even with a 0.01% change long of the bone contrasted with its unique length. Lively exercise prompts bone strains up to 1,000 microstrain in people. By examination, controlled episodes of entire bone stacking bringing about 1,000 to 3,000 microstrain are anabolic in exploratory creature models of one-stacking, exhibiting the potential for fitting physical exercise schedules as a way to improve bone mass. The cells likely in charge of detecting the physical stimuli got from mechanical forces applied on bones are the osteocytes, which include more than 90% of the bone cells. Osteocytes are stellate cells that are inserted inside the calcified bone framework. They shape an extensive number of cell-cell contacts through their long slim cell forms, framing a syncytium fit for fast transduction of signs. Osteocytes are exceptionally mechanosensitive, likely more so than periosteal fibroblasts or osteoblasts, and change the creation of a large number of flagging particles when activated by a mechanical force. Mechanically initiated osteocytes create flagging atoms like bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), Wnts, prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), and NO, which can adjust the enrollment, separation, and action of osteoblasts and osteoclasts. Along these lines, osteocytes are hypothetically equipped for coordinating bone adjustment in light of mechanical stimuli. The loss of bone mass after rear appendag e emptying of mice was forestalled when 80% of the osteocytes were removed. Osteocytes accordingly appear to empower osteoclast action without day by day mechanical burdens, a capability that has been affirmed in vitro thinks about. To be sure it has been indicated as of late by two free gatherings that RANKL generation by osteocytes decides bone mass in grown-up mice, showing the significance of osteocytes in the control of bone mass. Strangely, a similar review exhibiting the prerequisite of osteocytes for intervening emptying instigated bone misfortune likewise demonstrated that the anabolic reaction of unresolved issue (does not require the nearness of living osteocytes. Be that as it may, this does not wipe out the part of osteocytes in intervening the anabolic reaction of unresolved issue under typical conditions. If osteocytes are the expert mechanosensing cells of bone, then how do these cells sense entire bone burdens? One prominent hypothesis involves that network trains encompassing the osteocyte cell forms drive a thin layer of extracellular fluid encompassing the osteocyte cell procedures to stream over a weight angle. This stream of fluid opens up nearby strains, and is along these lines the mechanical signal that is eventually detected by the osteocytes. There is adequate exploratory proof to bolster disfigurements of the bone grid drive an interstitial fluid stream. A stream of additional cell fluid around the osteocytes thus of bone tissue strains, by stacking of sheep tibiae and taking after the dispersion of tracers through the lacuno-canalicular system. All the more as of late, Price et al.(2011) utilized fluorescence recuperation in the wake of photobleaching for imaging fluid dislodging synchronized with mechanical stacking, to demonstrate that the mechanical stacking of mouse tibia upgraded fluid transport through the lacuno-canalicular framework, exhibiting the connection of canalicular fluid stream with mechanical load. Moreover, a few agents announced that it is not the measure of strain connected to an entire bone that impacts bone development, yet the rate at which the strain is connected. References Disord, R. E. (n.d.). Rev Endocr Metab Disord. Retrieved from Reviews in Endocrine Metabolic Disorders: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3028072/figure/Fig1/ Eriksen, E. F. (n.d.). Reviews in Endocrine Metabolic Disorders. Retrieved from Reviews in Endocrine Metabolic Disorders: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3028072/ Moore, D. (n.d.). Orthobullets. Retrieved from Orthobullets: www.orthobullets.com/basic-science/9008/bone-remodeling umich.edu. (n.d.). Introduction to Biosolid Mechanics. Retrieved from umich.edu: http://www.umich.edu/~bme332/ch9bone/bme332bone.htm

Artificial Intelligence and Investing Essay -- Technology, Stock Exch

Artificial Intelligence and Investing INTRODUCTION Artificial intelligence can be defined as the ability of a computer to perform activities normally considered to require human intelligence. The techniques of this intelligence include knowledge-based, machine learning, and natural language processing techniques. Investing can be defined as the act of committing money to an endeavour with the exception of obtaining profit. Investing activities require data identification, asset valuation (the process of determining the worth of something), and risk management (the process of managing the uncertainty in investment decision-making). Artificial intelligence techniques can be applied to financial investing, especially in the areas of credit risk assessment and stock valuation. In the future, we can expect that the techniques of artificial intelligence will be integrated into systems that simultaneously address investing activities. WHAT IS ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE? Technology is an important factor in investing activities. For example, stock trading is computer-based and can automatically execute the trading of large volumes of shares. This has become an extremely frequent activity on stock exchanges in our advanced world. Artificial intelligence is allowing humans to have a â€Å"cutting edge† by using computers when investing. Years ago, a usual activity for a computer program was a simple, or even a complex, numerical calculation. An example of this could be a forensic officer’s ability to compute the path and pattern of a bullet. Today, computers are more advanced. It is no problem for a computer program to assist humans in their decision making processes. Humans have access to huge databases across the world over the interne... ...ollection, asset valuation, and portfolio management). These systems will interact with humans and humans will be able to specify their preferences and make difficult decisions. SUMMARIZER’S CRITIQUE In general, the article â€Å"Artificial Intelligence and Investing† offered a lot of valuable information regarding the both the current, and future, paths of artificial intelligence systems. The article was broken down into simple sections that helped the article come together. The author’s intent of relating artificial intelligence to investing was successful in explaining that artificial intelligence is of great assistance to investors across the globe. On the other hand, I believe the article contained some examples and terms which were not really explained in enough detail to the average user. Basically, some terms were not presented at an average reader’s level.

Data and Information

DATA| INFORMATION| 123424331911| Your winning lottery ticket number| 140593| Your date of birth| Aaabbbccd| The grades you want in your GCSEs| Data and information Data, information & knowledge Data Data consist of raw facts and figures – it does not have any meaning until it is processed and turned into something useful. It comes in many forms, the main ones being letters, numbers, images, symbols and sound. It is essential that data is available because it is the first step in creating meaningful information.Ex; 123424331911; 140593; aaabbbccd, might not mean anything by themselves, but if it is processed and turned into (the chart below) they turn into something useful. Information Information is data that has been  processed  in such a way as to be  meaningful  to the person who receives it. INFORMATION = DATA + CONTEXT + MEANING INFORMATION = DATA + CONTEXT + MEANING Example of information DATA| 21041926| This has no meaning or context| CONTEXT| It is a British da te| This allows us to register it as 21st April 1926.It still has no meaning and is therefore not information| MEANING| The Birth date of Queen Elizabeth II| This gives usa ll the elements required dor it to be called ‘information’| Knowledge Knowledge is the ability of understanding the relationship between pieces of information and what to actually do with the information. Consider this scenario:  Person puts a finger into very hot water. Data gathered: Finger nerves sends pain data to the brain. Processing:  Brain considers the data and comes up with†¦ Information: Painful finger means it is not in a good place.Action: Brain tells finger to remove itself from hot water. Knowledge: Sticking finger in hot water is a bad idea. Knowledge is having an understanding of the ‘rules’ Types of data Data can be stored in many different formats called ‘data types’. When setting up a database or spreadsheet, it is important that the correct data type is selected for each field. This is because the data type will determine what can be done with the data held in that field e. g. sorting, searching, calculations etc. It also can determine the format in which data is displayed e. g. date/time data type will allow you to pick the format of your choice, 14/05/08, 14 May 2008, 14th May 2008 etc. Finally, some data types are able to automatically validate the data being entered. e. g. : When you use a date/time data type then each date will be automatically checked to ensure that it can actually exist. For example, you would not be able to enter the date 31/02/2008 – it would automatically be rejected or return an error message. Types of data: * Text * Number * Boolean * Date/Time * Image Text A text data type can hold any letter, number, symbol or punctuation mark.It is sometimes referred to as ‘alphanumeric' or ‘string'. The data can be pure text or a combination of text, numbers and symbols. * Name Joe Bloggs * Address 101, Any Street That Town TR34 9RT * Telephone Number 01234 567890 * Car Registration EA05 NXR * Car ColourBlue Telephone numbers need to be stored as a text/string data type because they often begin with a 0 and if they were stored as an integer then the leading zero would be discounted. You are never likely to want to add or multiply telephone numbers so there is no reason to store it as an integer data type. Number A number data type contains numbers.Example: * Weight in Kg12. 25, 19. 99, 199. 99 * Room measurement in metres14. 5 * Temperature (degrees Celsius)37. 5 Types of numbers: * Integers An integer stores whole numbers, either positive or negative. Integers however cannot store numbers with decimal places. * Real Your numerical data might need to be formatted with decimal places. This means it cannot be stored as an integer number. Instead it is known as a  Ã¢â‚¬Ëœreal'  number. You can specify the number of decimal places that you need. * Currency When you choose to format numerical data as currency then it will automatically be given two decimal places.However, you can choose to format currency with 0 dp because in some circumstances it would not be appropriate to display the pence. Think of an estate agent, they might sell a house for ? 295,000. It would look daft displayed as ? 295,000. 00. The currency data type also allows you to display the correct currency symbol such as ? or $. Boolean Boolean data holds one of two values, for example: * Yes/no * True/false * 0/1 A Boolean data type is used to answer questions where there are exactly two options, three options would mean it was no longer boolean data.Examples of questions where the responses would be stored as boolean data: * Has the heating been turned on? | Yes / No| * Are you employed? | Yes / No| Data / Time A date / time data type is used to store any data that is related to date or time. The tricky thing about date / time is that there are so many ways of showing it. And some countries have a different way of representing a date. For example * 9/4/94 in the USA means 4th Sept 94 * 9/4/94 in the UK means 9th April 94 By using a date /time data type, you can choose the format for how you want your data to be automatically displayed.For example: 14/05/08, 14 May 2008, 14th May 2008 etc. Another reason to use a date /time data type is that it can provide some basic validation on the data being entered. For example, you would not be able to enter the date 31/02/2008 – it would automatically be rejected or return an error message. Image Databases allow graphical images such as photographs to be stored as a data type. Images are binary files rather than text or numbers which is why a specific data type is required. Different file types such as . bmp, . jpg, . tiff can be storedQuality of information Things that affect the quality of information Accuracy If the data that you have collected is inaccurate then the information it will produce will inev itably also be inaccurate. Examples of how innacurate data occurs: Questionnaries and surveys * questions might be poorly worded so that users misunderstand them * there may not have been enough people interviewed for any conclusions to be reliable. For example, asking just two people is not likely to be enough Human mistakes * if people are collecting the data manually e. g. ecording answers to questionnaires, writing down instrument measurements, they might make a mistake. Calibration of instruments * if data is being collected automatically by sensors or other instruments then the results could be inaccurate if the instruments were not correctly calibrated at the start of the data collection period Examples of information which would be of little use if it was inaccurate: Weather forecasts Many people check the weather forecast each day so that they can get an idea of what to wear. People have to have faith that the forecast will be reasonably accurate in order to make decisions. Supermarket prices When you go to a shop you probably know how much money you have to spend. You chek the prices of things you are buying on the shelves and will have an idea of how much it will cost by the time you have reached the till. If the peson entering the price details into the system has accidentally overpriced a couple of items, then this could mean that you don’t have enough money to pay for shopping and have to put something back. Businesses Businesses have to keep accurate records of all the money coming in and all of the money being paid out.If the accountants make a mistake and dont accurately entera ll of the money received then it could look like the company has not made as much profit that year. Or they havent recorded all the bills so it seems that the company is making more money tan it really is Relevance In order for information to be useful it must be relevant to you. School You have a great deal of information to learn for each of your exams. Each tim e you go to lessons you probably take a lot of notes and perhaps are given handouts by your teachers to read.What about if your teachers decided to spend a few weeks teaching you about things that particularly interested them? What they had taught you might have been very interesting to both them and you but it isn't relevant to what you needed at the time. You would find that you had spent a few very precious weeks learning about things that you didn't need to know in order to pass your exam. Weather forecasts Whilst it might be interesting to find out what the weather is like in Florida or Melbourne today, it isn't really relevant to your everyday life.It won't help you decide whether you need to take an umbrella with you before you leave home in the UK. Doctor’s appointments You might be feeling unwell and want to make an appointment to see your doctor. You phone up the local surgery to find out when the doctor has a spare appointment time. It wouldn't be very useful or re levant to you if the receptionist told you how many appointment times were available to see the nurse. House prices Perhaps your parents might be thinking of moving house. The first thing they would do would be to speak to an estate agent to find out how much their house was worth.It wouldn't be useful or relevant if the estate agent were to tell them how a similar house in a different part of the country might be worth. Up to date information In order to be useful, information needs to be up to date. In many cases information changes over time and so old or out of date information can be misleading or five you the wrong picture of what is happening. Exams As part of your revision, you have a go at practicing lots of exam questions before the big day and you work your way through the practice papers and model answers that your teacher has given you.However, some of the papers are over five years old. How useful are the model answers for questions such as ‘which storage device would you recommend? ‘ and ‘what is the average size of a hard disk? ‘ It is well known that things move very quickly in the world of ICT and hardware and software changes rapidly. What was a top-notch computer just three years ago is now probably a very low-spec machine. So the model answers are likely to be out-of-date. Holidays Choosing a holiday can be great fun. And you would probably go to the travel agent to get the latest brochures. Why?Well, because if you used last year's brochures the holiday may not even be available any more. And certainly the prices would be different. So you need up-to-date information House prices Your parents are still thinking of selling their house. They need an idea of how much their house is worth right now. It would be no use to them being told by the estate agent how much their house was worth five years ago. Completeness In order for information to be useful it needs to be complete. If part of the information is missing then you will not be able to make use of it or make accurate decisions.Exams Remember those exam papers that you were doing for revision during your study leave? Your teacher wanted you to work your way through them and check your answers against the model answers. What if you were only given the second half of the model answer and the first half was missing? How useful would it be to you? Weather forecast You still want to plan the family picnic for tomorrow. However when you check the weather forecast you are only told what the weather in the morning will be like. There is nothing about the afternoon.You can't really make a decision just based upon what the morning weather is likely to be. Doctor’s appointment Imagine you are feeling ill and you need to make an appointment to see your doctor. How useful would it be if the receptionist just told you that you could have an appointment at quarter past two? Does she mean today, tomorrow or next week? The information in incomplete. Quality of presentation Information which is presented in a disorganised way or in a manner that is hard to understand will be less useful to you Business dataIf you were asked to present some information in a business meeting. It is often better to present it graphically. People find it very hard to spot patterns in a table of data, but the same information presented as a graph makes it very easy. Buying a house Your parents want to buy a new house. It is much easier to pick a house if a photograph was available. Your parents can see instantly if the house would appeal to them and whether they would be interested in finding out more. Once they have decided they like the look of the house they would then want more detailed written information.However, giving them the written information first with no idea of what the house looks like would make it difficult for them to get an idea as to whether they would like it. Too mucho or too litle detail For information to be useful you need t he right amout of detail. There is a risk of having too much detail which makes the information overwhelming and difficult to extract the bits that you want to know about. Or there might not be enough detail in which case you wont understand the full picture. Example: baking a cake Too much detail| Not enough detail|Ingredients Not only telling you that you need fluor, but telling you all of the different brands of fluor and how the choice of each one would affect the rising of your cake| Ingredients Telling you that you need fluor but not the quantity you will need to weigh ouy| MethodTelling you exactly how many times you need to beat the eggs and for exatly how many seconds you need to fold in the fluor| MethodTelling you to mix the ingredients together but not informing you of the correct order in which to combine them| CookingTelling you the exact amount of minutes that the cake should be baked for every type of oven that is currently for sale| CookingTelling you the temperatur a to cook the cake but not how long to leave it in the oven for| Coding of data When you are designing a database system to hold data, one of the first decisions that you will need to make is about how the data will be collected and stored. You already know the term GIGO (Garbage In Garbage Out).If you collect data and enter it into the system without careful consideration at the planning stage then the output from your system will be of little use. One of the things that you can consider is to code some or all of your data in order to improve the efficiency of your system. What is coding of data? Any system will need to have data collected, entered and stored. One method of storing data is to assign codes to it. This usually means shortening the original data in an agreed manner. The agreement is between the users of the system. This coding scheme could be part of the training of how to use the system, and it could also be documented within the system for new users.If the coding is completely obvious then there is no such need for formal documentation. For example if a field called ‘Gender' has only two values ‘M' and ‘F'. It should be obvious from the field name that this refers to Male and Female. Example 1 Original data: Monday; Tuesday; Wednesday; Thursday; Friday Coded data: Mon; Tues; Wed; Thurs; Fri Example 2 Original data: Xtra Large; Large; Medium; Small Coded data: XL; L; M; S Example 3 The above codes are fairly easy for anyone to recognise and understand. Some codes however are more complicated. What do you think the following codes might represent? RG935LR CV183TP The above examples could be postcodes.They represent a street name, a particular part of the street and the town where the street is located. Example 4 How about: SK12BN TR14GN These might be a little bit more difficult because the code is made up from different representative parts. Let's have a closer look. The first part represents a piece of clothing, so ‘SK' represented ‘Skirt' and ‘TR' represented ‘Trousers' The middle part of the code was the dress size. The final part of the code represented a colour, so ‘BN' represented ‘Brown' and ‘GN' represented ‘Green'. You should be able to see from that information that the first code is a size 12 brown skirt. What piece of clothing would the second code represent? Why might we want to code data?Much of the data that we collected and enter into our systems has some degree of repetition. Speeding up data entry Let's take the example of collecting data about a person's gender. People can be either ‘Male' or ‘Female'. Whilst these two options are easily understood by all, imagine having to enter the word ‘Male' and ‘Female' into a system many hundreds of times instead. It is a waste of time and effort because no extra information is contained in the full words compared to a single letter. Increase accuracy of data entry The other issue is that no matter how accurate a person is at data entry, at some stage they are likely to make a mistake and might spell ‘Male' as ‘Mail' or ‘Female' as ‘Femal'.This type of mistake will make any results from your database queries unreliable. Instead of entering ‘Male' or ‘Female' you could code the data and instead enter it as ‘M' or ‘F'. Simply having to enter one letter instead of a possible six will speed up data entry. It will also cut down on the risk of mistakes being made with spelling. Use of validation In our example, the words ‘Male' or ‘Female' have been coded so that they become ‘M' or ‘F'. When data has been coded it makes it easier to use validation to check if the data entered is sensible. With the example above, the person entering the data could still make a mistake and enter ‘S' instead of ‘M' or ‘F'.But if you set up validation so that the field will only accept the l etters ‘M' or ‘F' and absolutely nothing else then that should further cut down on possible mistakes. Note that validation can only check if the data is sensible and within reasonable limits, it cannot check whether the data is accurate. Somebody could still enter ‘F' instead of ‘M'. Less storage space required Every letter that you store in your database system will take at least one byte of storage. If you store ‘Female' as ‘F' then you will save five bytes of storage space. If the system belongs to a large organisation, there might be many thousands or millions of records stored – simply by coding one field, a huge amount of hard disk storage can be saved. Faster searching for dataIt stands to reason that the smaller the size of your database, the faster it will be to search and produce results. Thus by coding data and keeping the size of the system to a minimum the more time you can save in the long run when running queries. Coding exam ples In our everyday lives we come across many examples of how coding is used to represent data. Here are just a few more ideas: Country names The name of a country can be represented by two letters. For example: Great Britain – GB France – FR Canada – CA Problems caused by coding data Whilst coding data can bring many benefits it can also lead to some problems. Coarsening of data This means that during the coding process some of the subtle details in the data are lost. Look at the image below:

Death Poetry Essay

Is death something to be feared when it may be considered the only aspect during life that is inevitable? Interestingly, the speakers in two poems written by Emily Dickinson and Alan Seeger may not feel that this is the case. In Dickinson’s â€Å"The Chariot†, the feminine speaker compares succumbing to death as a chariot ride passing places she has been in her life, while the speaker in Seeger’s â€Å"I have a Rendezvous with Death† is a masculine speaker that is assumed to be a soldier fighting in the war and experiencing many close encounters with this morbid experience. Both poems together shed a light of acceptance of death into world that generally has been taught to fear it, but in different extremes. I will argue that time is the ultimate factor that contributes to the acceptance of one’s passing away. This will be shown through the comparison of the personas and literary devices in each poem, as Dickinson’s speaker, who has been dead for centuries, in comparison to Seeger’s speaker, who is anticipating his death, have slight differences in the way they perceive death. Personification is cleverly used in both poems to humanize death and differentiates the two poems because of the certain characteristics that each poet gives to Death as a character. In Dickinson’s poem, death is personified in a manner that makes Death an active agent that is continuously alongside the speaker. The speaker consistently refers to Death as a partner, using the words â€Å"we† and â€Å"us† in stanzas two through five. By utilizing personification in this way, the speaker sets up the notion that death has been a long time partner of hers, not just an acquaintance, which indicates the length of time she must have spent with Death. The collaboration between the speaker and death in this poem shows that she has an acceptance of death as her friend. Also, the speaker further attributes human characteristics such as kindness, and civility towards Death, which implies again the long amount of time she must have accompanied Death in order to know such details about him, thus explaining why she is at ease with the idea of death. This is interesting because the difference can be seen in Seeger’s personification of Death. Human qualities are still given to death, but done so in a way that would indicate that the speaker is assumed to be just getting to know Death, implying that the speaker is not yet dead. The speaker in this poem describes death as â€Å"tak[ing] my [speaker] hand And leading me[speaker]† (Seeger, 7-8), which produces the feeling that Death is the one with authority. By giving control to Death, the speaker seems uneasy and unsure of the situation. Is he to succumb to death or fight back? This automatically shows that the time elapsed between the two characters relationship is minimal, thus explaining his feeling of unsettlement towards death. This is made even more clear when the speaker says that Death will take him â€Å"into his dark lands and close my [speaker’s] eyes and quench my [speaker’s] breath,† (Seeger, 8-9). The personification of Death in Seeger’s poem is much more morbid than in Dickinson’s and creates the sense of hostility that can be related to a negative first impression of another. In this case, Seeger’s speaker has not had much time with Death, therefore again explaining why he feels uncomfortable with death. Demonstrated here, the personification used in both poems gives an interesting way to establish time as a factor when considering the attitudes of each speaker towards death. While personification is used in these poems to humanize death and comment on time, it also provides a deeper insight into the underlying mood that each poet is trying to convey, therefore it is necessary to further examine the tone in each poem. Through the use of diction, both poets are able to create a tone that demonstrates and adds to their speaker’s overall acceptance or rejection of death. As mentioned earlier, Dickinson uses such words such as â€Å"civility† and â€Å"kindness† to describe death which ultimately sets up a light tone when speaking of death. This is again related back to the easiness the speaker has with death, due to the long time for which she has been dead. Dickinson further uses the word â€Å"chariot† in the title, as well as referring to a â€Å"carriage† in the first stanza, which sets up an expectation that the poem will proceed slowly, which is true. The slowness assists with the idea of time because being that poem is slowed down with the words used in combination with longer line lengths and enjambment, the overall sense that the speaker is in no rush and accepting of her circumstance is presented. The tone is quite tranquil and somewhat content as it seems that the speaker is accepting of her fate. Considering this with Seeger’s poem though, there are noticeable shifts in tone due to specific word choices. Initially the tone of the poem is similar to that of Dickinson’s, as the most recurrent word throughout the poem, â€Å"rendezvous†, sets a clear tone. This word choice is very important because the poet decided to use a friendly term which one would assume is does out of free will and shows the approval of a meeting with death. Yet as the poem continues on, other words work well to contradict this meaning. The tone begins to shift from the implied tone with the title, to the speaker commenting that they will have their rendezvous at â€Å"some disputed barricade† (Seeger, 2). This automatically brings into focus that the speaker must be someone who knows war, and specifically using the word â€Å"disputed† indicates some conflict and a more harsh tone. Throughout the rest of the poem, word choice consistently changes setting bright and light moods to darker and heavier moods, demonstrated with the use of the word â€Å"scarred† (Seeger, 12), but then contradicting it with nature and life like â€Å"apple-blossoms† ( Seeger, 4) for example. The many shifts in tone implies that the time of death is near for this.

The eNotes Blog Surprise of the year Franzen is being a jerkagain.

Surprise of the year Franzen is being a jerkagain. Yes, he who snubbed Oprah and her schmaltzy book club, he who lacked the capacity to laugh at the ransom of a pair of glasses kidnapped from under his nose (quite literally), has climbed back onto his high horse again. The author of The Corrections and Freedom  now declares in a new Guardian essay his disappointment in authors who turn to Twitter, lovingly casting himself as the reincarnation of Austrian satirist Karl Kraus, aka The Great Hater. Not that you would know who that is, being a techno-communicating cretin and all. I mean, #karlkrausthegreathater takes up a big chunk of 140 characters. I would explain more of Franzens essay for you, but like his other work, I didnt get through it. So, Ill just leave you with a link and some idiot friendly bullet points: Jeff Bezos of Amazon may not be the antichrist, but he surely looks like one of the four horsemen. The work of yakkers and tweeters and braggers, and of people with the money to pay somebody to churn out hundreds of five-star reviews for them, will flourish in that world. But what happens to the people who became writers because yakking and tweeting and bragging felt to them like intolerably shallow forms of social engagement? What happens to the people who want to communicate in depth, individual to individual, in the quiet and permanence of the printed word, and who were shaped by their love of writers who wrote when publication still assured some kind of quality control and literary reputations were more than a matter of self-promotional decibel levels? As fewer and fewer readers are able to find their way, amid all the noise and disappointing books and phony reviews, to the work produced by the new generation of this kind of writer, Amazon is well on its way to making writers into the kind of prospectless workers whom its contractors employ in its warehouses. And with that, I have to get back to Twitter. I think Ill be in good company, what with  Neil Gaiman,  Joyce Carol Oates,  Joanne Harris,  Ian Rankin,  Margaret Atwood,  Stephen Fry,  Salman Rushdie et al. Besides, Im kind of a sucker for the cat pictures.

Strategic Analysis of Honda Motors The WritePass Journal

Strategic Analysis of Honda Motors EXECUTIVE SUMMARY: Strategic Analysis of Honda Motors EXECUTIVE SUMMARY:INTRODUCTIONCONCLUSION:REFERENCESRelated EXECUTIVE SUMMARY: Being founded in 1948 in Japan by Soichiro Honda, the organization has come a long way from motorcycle manufacturer at the early stages to manufacturing high power electronic items and technologically sound automobiles, trucks etc. in a short duration after its foundation, Honda motors became the leading automobile industry, standing not only in the top market players in its native market but leaving behind the regional competitors and competing at the global level with automobile giants like GM, Ford, Mercedes Benz and Chrysler etc. Being the first amongst the Japanese manufacturing companies to expand its operations globally, Honda faced numerous challenges in making its products acceptable by the European and American customers who were used to big, fuel consuming expensive cars. Honda played it beautifully by presenting low cost, high quality less fuel consumption vehicles, and now with majority of its sales volume generating outside the native region and approximately half of th e manufacturing facilities outside Japan, the basic principle remains the same i.e. technologically advanced low cost vehicles. With more than 400 subsidiaries and sister concern around the world, Honda has managed the famous Japanese management theory of JIT (just in time), also the management systems and decision making processes applied by the organization has brought quite a stir in the management theorists of the west, who found it imperative to study these and make comparison with those applied in their region. Though, Honda has also shifted from time to time to some of the western management concepts but with some modification, the organization still adheres to the basic Japanese management systems of giving human relationships most importance and doing collective decision making and sharing responsibilities down the line. In this case study, it was studied how Honda motors handles various managerial dichotomies in organizational hierarchy, new product development, JIT system supply chain, product strategies like designing and positioning, and planning intra-organizational and inter-organizational relationships. It has emerged by this study that Honda has managed and reconciled these dichotomies successfully though some failures were also faced but the overall performance of the organization can be termed successful. INTRODUCTION The today’s highly advanced and technologically sound global automobile industry has evolved successfuly from a humble origin of wooden craft in 1890s to engine based vehicles’ mass production in 1910s and the highly popularized lean production methods of 1970s (Gopal, 2006). The industry has made speedy advancement to stand amongst the world’s top industries in terms of value and the leading industry in terms of its RD expenditures (Gopal, 2006). Due to such rapid growth of this business sector Peter Drucker (1946) termed the world automobile indutsry the ‘industry of industries’. Today, the global automobile industry has growth plans keeping view the low cost, high quality, less fuel consumption engines, innovation and modern techniques. Though the current reccession has marred the growth rate of the industry like other sectors, the global wutomobile industry is fighting hard to retain its profitability and higher shareholder value. The global industry was initially dominated by the US and European manufacturers, but the post world war II Japan started to challenge the big giants of the sector in the world market and penetrated the purely European and American automobile market successfully during 1970s and 1980s (Mair, 1999). The Japanese manufacturers like Toyota, Nissan and Honda shcoked their western competitors in producing low cost vehicles to enter thier segments. Honda was most innovative, challenging and strategically sound an\mongst all its Japaenes counterparts and not only successfully captured the western markets but also succeeded in opening its manufacturing sites both in the Europe and USA and achieved economies of scale. Today, a large portion of its sales volume (approximately 77%) is generated from these foreign markets with 46% of its manufacturing facilities present off-shore (Mair 1997). The analysis that is going to be presented in this report is how Honda succeeded to achieve its present market positiong and how it tackled various obstacles in terms of management or strategical policies procedures. Table 1: World’s top car manufacturers (2008) Group Unit Production General Motors 9000 8926 Toyota 9000 8083 Ford 7000 6268 Volkswagen Group 6000 5685 Honda 4000 3670 PSA 4000 3357 Nissan 4000 3223 Chrysler 3000 2545 Source: http://auto.indiamart.com/cars/car-statistics/international-statistics.html Renault 3000 2492 Honda has built its procedure of strategic management on a very special thinking i.e. to reconcile the dichotomies or to resolve the issues successfully, which means that Honda chooses to take advantage of all the dichotomies or in other words, the contradictions of strategic concepts such as individualism-collectivism, vertical-horizontal structure, vertical integration-market relationship, sequential-simultaneous development, cost-differentiation strategy and load more. Reconciliation refers to an approach in which the two poles are somehow made in harmony with each other. Honda’s approach to reconciling dichotomies is an exemplary innovation in management. Honda has contributed significantly in teaching today’s managers the best ways to resolve some of the hardest management dilemmas. It is also a great reference for management students all around the world (Mair, 1997). Keywords: a) Global corporate Strategy: Andrews K (1971) has defined the corporate strategy as the   pattern of minor objectives, purposes or goals and essential policies or plans for achieving those goals, stated in such a way as to define what business is company in or is to be in and the kind of company it is or is it to be. In today’s global village, organizations develop strategies to cater internal as well as off-shore customers to achieve the competitive advantage. b)   Managerial dichotomies: When one thing is divided in two or more different parts or opposite opinions, we said that a dichotomy occurs1. When we talk about managerial dichotomies, it means clash of different strategic concepts that are contradictory to each other in a business run. c)   Japanese vs. Western style of management: in view of Wickham (2009), the comparison of these two thinking of management could well be defined as â€Å"To do the Right Things or do Things Right?  The What and the How. At one hand, if Japanese management style focuses more on human relations and team working, the western style is more inclined towards hierarchy i.e. it is more top-down style which gives CEOs more importance and rewards whereas, Japanese emphasize more on advanced manufacturing technologies, just in time theory and TQM (total quality management), their western counterparts believe on trade-offs between cost quality and individualism group etc (Wickham, 2009). d)   Corporate Governance: It defines the relationship between all the stakeholders in a company. This includes the shareholders, directors, and management of a company, as defined by the corporate charter, bylaws, formal policy and rule of law (Investopedia). It is also defined as â€Å"the set of processes, customs, policies, laws, and institutions affecting 1answers.com/topic/dichotomy#ixzz1MVzwuwMt the way a corporation (or company) is directed, administered or controlled†.(Barron’s Accounting dictionary). e) Corporate Ethics:   It is the study and evaluation of the decision making by the businesses according to moral concepts and judgments. Ethical questions range from practical, narrowly defined issues, such as a companys obligation to be honest with its customers, to broader social and philosophical questions, such as a companys responsibility to preserve the environment and protect employee rights (Paluszek, 2005). f)   Corporate Social Responsibility: When an organization recognizes what are its corporate social responsibilities, it imposes a self regulation upon itself and its management system and the business model. This regulation enables the organization to monitor business practices to ensure that these practices and activities are in alignment with the law, ethical standards and international laws (Wood, 1991). Question 1: a) ‘Planning’ vs. ‘Learning’ For the success of any business, it is imperative that the organizations resolve some of the dichotomies that run in the business. Honda used to introduce their products by considering the geographical differences and cultural variations and it yielded them good results in their business as well. The dichotomy of whether an organization is a planning organization or learning one is very difficult to resolve (De Wit, B. and Meyer, R., 2004). Honda has handled and reconciled this dichotomy successfully; in view of Mintzberg (1987) Honda is a company which epitomized in a very exemplary way that it’s a ‘crafted’ organization rather than a ‘planned’ one. Pascal (1984) is also of the opinion that the mangers at Honda got the firsthand reaction on their automobiles by driving their own products and learnt after making simplest of the mistakes till they struck the right formula while entering the US motorcycle market. During the whole course of this entrance , they learned and made it a part of their system. Mintzberg (1989) has hailed Honda by declaring it as a company with some common sense, not overly-rational, but which learns from different markets and do not try to impose distant corporate views. It can be extracted from the case that the under discussion organization is learning one but with strategies planned with such detail and accuracy that the organizational system first learn then adjust itself to the changes in business environment easily. Honda case reveals the necessity of ‘emergent learning alongside deliberate planning’ Mair (1999), also Mintzberg (1991) is of the opinion that though both planning and learning are necessary , the leaning should come first, he has also argued that the rationale thinking on part of Honda would not have helped the organization sell its motorcycle in USA. Honda is strategically active organization with a well thought of and planned strategic system that is why it has been able to resolve this dichotomy successfully exchanging both planning and learning with each other. b)   ‘Positioning’ vs. ‘Developing internal resources’ It is very difficult for an organization to choose between deciding the positioning strategies of its product or to develop its internal resources in such a way that would automatically position its products better in minds of customers, Honda also faced this difficult scenario and got through it successfully again, though failures are inevitable part of this paradox, but the organization got through them as well. Many reasons could be cited to determine the rationale behind this success, Hamel and Prahalad (1994) are of the opinion that this was not to any significant part of its management of the dealers’ network, rather on the difference of driving the Honda experiences over its competitors. They have also stated that ‘Honda’s ability to produce some of the world’s best engines and power trains does provide customers with high valued benefits’. A large portion of company’s global sales comes from the conservative and simple brand like Civic and Accord, which is in contrast to the general opinion about Honda being the producer of mainly the sporty and technically innovative cars, these sales figures show how customers perceive its products, i.e. as a combination of high quality vehicles with low prices and this concept is based on Honda’s core capability of product and process designs. Also, the RD of Honda is stronger than its competitors mostly the Americans, as it introduces innovative products more frequently in the market (Hamel and Prahalad,1994), it presented Honda NSX was presented as a replacement of the Ferrari but at a fraction of the cost. It conducts research ad is able to identify customers’ and presented products which they wanted to have but didn’t know it themselves (Hamel and Prahalad, 1994). Yet today, it is making huge investments in strengthening its core capability of technological advancements, low – pollution power sources e.g. electric or solar power and less fuel co nsuming engines, so that a potential breakthrough in the market position could be achieved. Thus, Honda is integrating both these functioning successfully in attaining the competitive advantage in the global automobile industry. c)   ‘Product-related core competencies’ vs. ‘ Process-related core capabilities’ The technological edge that Honda enjoys over its competitors enables the organization to produce its well known internal combustion engines which in a way reduces pollution and the latest technology they introduced in their product is CVCC. Though the new models introduced by Honda are less in comparison to its competitor GM Ford, the quality of these new products helps it to gain the competitive advantage. This innovative technology is then also used in other product lines as well (motorcycles, automobiles and other power products). The technology developed for the power trains and engines is also transferred to other products such as cars, tractors, generators and marine engines (Mair, 1999). The manufacturing concerns depend heavily on their process related core competencies, which represent the quantity in contrast to the product related core competency which represents quality. Honda has acquired both competencies and is successfully utilizing them simultaneously by producing at a large scale and specializing in low polluted and less fuel consumption auto and power engines. As the organization believes on the right-first time principle, the outcome is the right one without with errors (Mair, 1999), enabling the organization to save time which would otherwise spend in resolving the errors if there are any in its products. Errors increase the operational cost and lead time for product availability, which would force shift in customers’ preference from their brand to other. Honda has developed another competency, i.e. built-in-quality, gained through various sub transformational tasks in operations and determines its effectiveness via observing customer satisfactio n. Thus, it proves that Honda has created an amalgam of both dichotomies by incorporating its core competencies both the products and process successfully. Whereas, Western manufacturers view their businesses and operations only with the perspective of the manufacturer, Honda views them both from manufacturers’ and customers’ point of view. Question 2: ‘Japanese management model’ vs. ‘Western management model’ Western organizations are more inclined to the managerial class in their enterprises, Japanese on the other hand, prefer the worker. As Hofstede (1993) has stated that, ‘the Japanese are controlled by their peers rather than by their managers’. Western organizations believe in â€Å"large lot mass production’ in manufacturing helping in reducing the cost and time, with few options in the hand of the customers, Japanese enterprises contrarily are based on the flexibility of production in which more importance is given to innovation (Mair, 1999). The recruitment in the Japanese firms are mainly made from the school levels on the basis of the general characteristics of the incumbent, they also believe in long-term relations with their employees rather than a short-term relation as are usually seen in the western organizations which break-off in the downslide periods. Also the western firms view the technical skills of the new entrant most important (Hofstede, 1993). Practices for the progress in the career of the employees also differ in both styles, Japanese give seniority most importance while western organizations view merit as the sole criteria.   Same is the case with remunerations paid in both systems, where Japanese prefer seniority while considering wages the western organizations give efficiency most importance. Human resources are the most important fixed assets in the Japanese organizations which in their counterparts is considered to be a semi variable asset. Japanese prefer working in teams and have open offices while in the western organizations offices are filled with cubicles and employees work individually. Group decision making is the charter of the Japanese organizations while western ones believe in the individualism with employees stick to the tasks given to them in western organization in contrast to the more independence given to workers in Japan. In Honda factories, they are performing free flow of assembly line system where employees are taking decision to send the product to the next level (Mair, 1997). Trade-offs between product quality, cost and delivery, with high quality costing more and vice versa are common thinking in the western style, Japanese model, on the other hand, follows â€Å"Right-First-Time† in which all the errors are removed during production. Priority is given to built-in-quality which in turn reduces production costs and also reduces product delivery time. Western enterprises practice centralized management where all decisions taken by the top management and implemented by the other staff in lower hierarchy, Japanese on the other hand, practice decentralized management which is characterized by the round table discussions. Thus western organizational structure is vertical and Japanese is horizontal (Mair, 1997). There are no doubts in the effectiveness of both the management styles, both are successful in their own capacity and also have their own shortcomings as well. An edge is obtained by the Japanese style due to better maintenance of and participation of employees in the decision making processes, customers could choose from various choices so quality is given the priority. Due to specific hierarchical system of management in Japanese organizations, the responsibilities are shared which brings out the best from all the employees. Question 3: ‘Corporate governance’ vs. ‘Corporate social responsibility’ Nowadays, CSR (corporate social responsibility) has consumed all focus of the managers in the world, an old thinking given new dimensions in the management function each organization is expected to exhibit some â€Å"ethical behavior and moral management†. Recently, the organizations have made it imperative to practice â€Å"corporate social responsibility† (Carroll, 2000). Automobile industry is the largest industry of the world after construction and grocery industries on capital and investment ratios with topping the list on technological perspective. Though Flores (20010 agrees that the main objective of this industry is to produce more cars with profitability, he is of the opinion that the profit should be made but not on the expense of ignoring responsibilities towards the community. Every organization makes CSR an imperative part of its corporate strategy as they have certain obligations towards the society from which they are generating their profit and of which they themselves are the part. Demands of organizational stakeholders are also met via CSR, through which the customers make notice of such organizations as a good one. CSR has a large horizon with social, economical and environmental aspects as its integral part. However most of the organizations try to avoid social and environmental aspects and cope up with economical aspects only (Aguilera, 2008). Honda strictly shows its commitment towards society by taking initiatives regarding environmental issues. Honda Civic, a new model of Honda was introduced with clear air test using Muskie Law and it was to follow the American environment regulations2. Crane, Matten and Laura (2007) stated that â€Å"CSR should not be considered as an ethical add on to the existing business, but it should be considered as a part and parcel of corporate strategy itself. Adoption of CSR activities eventually leads to prosperous company and society†. It helps organization building good name for them in the minds of customers, good relationship with employees, clients and other stakeholders which ultimately improves the organizational performance and profitability. If CSR is not being followed, the organizational business is affected as the firm’s good name will are destroyed in the customers’ minds. Thus, 2topgear.com/uk/honda/civic, organizations need to practice CSR, as it is vital in building a good rapport with the customers and increase business. By the introduction of environmental friendly engines with low pollution helped Honda to increase their revenue. It created a good name among its consumers as well. Apart from the financial aspects, non-financial aspects of an organization are also get affected by CSR, like selection and recruitment process of organization, employee motivation and employee retention and the innovation. Also, the environmental factors and ethical factors force the organization to come up with innovative products and these innovative products increase company’s overall profits as well and assist them to sustain in market for a long term by making better quality cars for their customers, it ultimately increases the reputation of the company. CSR enables the organization to get rid of risks and errors from their production and operations by realizing the upcoming issues. CSR are thus result in giving more competitive advantage and profit by marketing positions. As automobile companies are going greener and environmental free, cost of production may reduce and it will improve their performance in the market (Hill and Knowlton, 2006) Toyota Prius is a new model which is a hybrid car which runs using electricity and gas. Even though it is not fuel effective, it is sold in great numbers as they are eco friendly. Honda too introduced Hybrid cars and it attracted more customers as well. Thus it shows that companies who are following CSR can generate great profit. Toyota showed their CSR when one of their hybrid car models faced brake failure in the market and the same thing happens to Ferrari in the year 2010 as one of their model exploded. Honda was chosen as the top CSR Company in UK during the year 20063. CONCLUSION: It is evident from the study of this case that the managerial dichotomies in the organizations are well handled by our focused organization i.e. Honda. Despite some failures in the course of these applications, the overall performance of Honda is satisfactory and can be called successful, creating an example to follow for other organizations on how to perform specially in the period of downslides. Honda handles these dichotomies with precision, applying a web-like organizational structure i.e. the combination of both vertical and horizontal systems of hierarchy levels in the management, implying teamwork and individualism simultaneously and developing both formal and informal relationships within the organization and also outside with other business organizations or the stakeholders. As the managerial dichotomies that exist at the business and corporate levels and are more complex and multilayered as compared to those present at the operational levels, they should be handled with gre at care and planning and Honda has been very successful in achieving this target. This handling of these dichotomies has attracted global management and strategic theorists to shift their focus from studying the strategies adopted by the western organizations to those adopted by their Japanese counterparts mainly Honda. Western management thinking of â€Å"trade-offs† between various vital functions 3marketresearchworld.net/index.php?option=com_contenttask=viewid=672 Like product quality cost, cost product delivery etc are challenged by Honda by developing â€Å"build in quality process†. The firm is also focusing in manufacturing high quality technological cars to attract customers who go for the quality with low cost rather than other aspects. Honda has also left behind its competitors in the field of product development, with continuously bringing in new products with less fuel consumption engines, a core competency of the organization, power engines not only for heavy vehicles but for product lines of motorcycles and cars as well. The introduction of new products in the market are also made at sufficient intervals and with great care, planning and RD, when the consumers are desperately start looking for more advanced and sophisticated products / models. The organization avoids re-launching its existing brand with only some face-lifts done to the previous models. REFERENCES A.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   B. Carroll (1979), A Three Dimensional model of corporate performance, Academy of Management Review, Vol. 4. pp. 497-505 Andrew Mair (1997), Reconciling managerial dichotomies at Honda Motors Andrew Mair (1999), Learning from Japan? Interpretations of Honda Motors by Strategic  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Management Theorists Bob De Wit and Ron Meyer (2004) â€Å"STRATEGY Process, Content, Context an International Perspective† (3rd edition), Thomson publishers, New York Business Reference Services Fall 2004. Chithra Gopal R.S. (2006), Global Automobile Industry: Changing with Times D Wood (1991), Corporate Social Performance Revisited, The Academy of Management Review Richard T. Pascal (1984), Perspectives on strategy: the real story behind Honda’s success, California Management Review. Gary Hamel and C.K. Prahalad (1994), Competing for the Future, Boston: Harvard Business School Press. Geert Hofstede (1993), Cultural constraints in management theories, Academy of Management Executive, Vol. 7, No. 1. Henry Mintzberg (1987), Crafting Strategy, Harvard Business Review, July – Aug, pp. 66 – 75 Henry Mintzberg (1989), Mintzberg on Management, New York: the Free Press Henry Mintzberg (1991), Learning 1 Planning 0: Reply to Igor Ansoff, Strategic Management Journal, 12: 464 – 466. Intelli Zen,   intelli-zen.com/?p=9 John Paluszek (2005), Ethics and Brand Value: Strategic Differentiation, Business and Organizational Ethics Partnership Steve Wickham (2009), Leadership Vs Management Dichotomy honda.com/newsandviews/article.aspx?id=20010103000988 http://blog.cleveland.com/business/2008/11/auto_industry_bailout_may_be_w.html marketresearchworld.net/index.php?option=com_contenttask=viewid=672 forbes.com/2002/04/09/0409autos.html answers.com/topic/dichotomy#ixzz1MVzwuwMt topgear.com/uk/honda/civic,

International Business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 2

International Business - Essay Example The perspective of the uncle in regards to other nations taking jobs away from the American workers seems to be very truthful based on the effects of off-shoring. Companies in a lot of non-technological industries that require manual labor have left the United States in search of lower labor costs. It is impossible for the United States to compete in terms of labor cost with places such as China which pays its manufacturing workers less than 50 cents an hour. Products that are produced in Mexico such as Corona Extra beer have lower production costs than American made products. These products are flooding the US marketplace with cheaper goods which is hurting the competitiveness of the domestic industries. The jobs in America depend on the success of companies that produce in the United States. International trade has different costs and benefits. One of the most important benefits of international trade is that it lowers the prices of goods in the marketplace. Some countries have com petitive advantages in certain industries which enables them to produce certain goods at lower prices. International trade protects countries against protectionism from elsewhere (Southerncenter). Another advantage of international trade is that it fosters international growth. ... The use of outsourcing helps companies stay in business which is protecting jobs in America. Lower prices are achieved in the consumer markets due to the use of international trade. Countries are able to establish political ties with other countries by becoming trading partners. The use of international trade helps the global economy achieve growth. Overall the perspective of the uncle is too one sided. The uncle is looking at the problem from only one dimension. International trade can have an adverse effect in the job creation in America, but only in certain industries. From a social perspective international trade is helping a lot of poor countries improve the state of their economies. A transnational model is used to characterize MNEs that attempt to achieve high global integration with high local responsiveness (Aboy). These companies utilize a network business structure instead of company divisions. The use of the transnational model can provide companies with competitive advan tages in a variety of business functions. The strategic plans of a company should focus on finding ways to become more efficient by adapting to the needs of the marketplace. Transnational companies realize that the domestic market in which they participate represents an important market opportunity. The marketing function of transnational corporations is not standardized. These companies have to customize their marketing efforts based on the unique attributes of the market in which they participate. Depending on the location these firms must utilize bilingual marketing campaigns. To achieve the goal of obtaining high local responsiveness transnational firms must perform recurrent market research to learn about the tendencies and changing taste of the customers

Derivative Securities Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 6000 words

Derivative Securities - Coursework Example Particularly, stock price depends on 3 factors: annual dividends, stock sale price and interest rate for discounting. All these factors are undefined. If our security is a bond, only one factor is undefined, - interest rate. In the primary market, state emits securities to cover state expenses. Dealers create a secondary market, offering to sell or buy these securities between the dates of issue and maturity. Apart of marketable securities state on behalf of government sells several types of non-marketable securities, which can't be sold or given any other person. Gonchar, M. (2002, p. 28) pointed out that the holder (for instance, in the USA) has a right to repay them in a commercial bank, in Federal Reserve System banks, in a public treasury. Private investors own a significant part (75% in the USA) of government securities. Public institutions and Federal Reserve banks own about 25% of these securities. Securities price drop, generated with interest rates increasing, can cause problems for those, who bought them during the period of high price. Financial institution, which bought securities in the time of low interest rate, will experience losses, if it sells them after the rate uprising. If the rate is falling, financial institutions have an opportunity to attract necessary finances with securities selling. During the interest rate uprising we observe converse effect - financial institutions try not to sell government securities, avoiding capital losses. As security buyers don't know the way, in which interest rates will change, they can't avoid the risk of their securities price drop. This is interest-rate risk. Government securities with short repayment period have a little interest-rate risk, as their prices don't fall much during interest rate increasing. The situation with long-term securities is quite another. Their prices plummet during interest rate increasing. It testifies about a considerable risk, due to holding securities with low annual interest bearing over a long period. Another kind of risk aligned with dividend policy of a company, which emitted securities, for instance, stocks. There are some other accidental causes, which influence on security price, which are called psychological by analysts. So, as we've noticed, the price behavior such an asset as stock is a random value. Finances theory and financial mathematics has a task of building veridical models of stock value evolution and calculating on their base fair option price and investor strategy (investment portfolio) in the security market with the help of statistical data. Simple models are important. Let's analyze here discrete models of asset value evolution and related questions of fair option price calculating and hedging strategies. The development of calculating fair option price researches development started with famous Black-Sholes theory. The Black Scholes Model The seminal work of Fischer Black and Myron Scholes in 1973 produced an elegant closed form solution for pricing European style call options on stock. The standard Black-Scholes equation and its derivatives have dominated the derivatives markets for 25 years. According to F. Black and M. Scholes (1973, pp. 637-659), firstly, it is useful to examine the assumptions underlying the mathematical alchemy used to derive the Black-Scholes equation for the pricing of options: The price of the underlying asset follows a Markov process with an average m and volatility s. The short

Amazon Kindle And Its Innovativeness Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Amazon Kindle And Its Innovativeness - Essay Example At the same time, institutional economics define innovation as an important economic activity for reducing transaction costs and thereby improving operational efficiency. According to Leger and Swaminathan (n.d), the evolutionary economics defines innovation entirely different from neoclassical theories and assumptions; and it illustrates innovation by reconciling the micro and macro evidence. In the context of international trade, â€Å"endowments and factor prices, market structure and competition, and demand pull factors† are the determinants of innovation. Sundbo (2003) reflects that innovation process is generally classified into three types such as product innovation, process innovation, and strategy innovation. Tidd, Bessant, and Pavitt (2005) state that under product innovation, an organisation tries to bring a new product or service to life with intent to meet customers’ changing requirements whereas the process innovation attempts to increase a firm’s bottom line profitability, managerial control over costs, productivity, and employee job satisfaction. In the view of O’Marah (2005), the process innovation also benefits customers by increasing efficiency in supply chain activities such as timely product or service delivery. Finally, strategy innovation is about restructuring the prevailing industry methods of creating customer value for the purpose of adding additional value to the company’s market stature and creating new markets and customer groups for wealth maximization.

Geographical Information Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Geographical Information - Coursework Example The maintenance of networks of infrastructure depends on reliable information regarding dimensions, capacity, location, and depth. Use of technology ensures more reliability (Culpin, 1983, p.144). In addition, information linking location and development potentials allows local tax assessment collection to be carried out in a more transparent and easier manner, as all the records can easily be accessed; this has been one important benefit. Another benefit is that technology provides a good platform for establishment of transparent and reliable information systems, as it makes data more accessible and systematic. When there is easy access to data, then governance is improved (Culpin, 1983, p.145). In using technology for the GI, when doing Household Travel Surveys, one is able to collect data in a more efficient manner. Moreover, the data quality is improved immensely and the survey costs minimized. Moreover, technology provides a platform for integration of data and products to bette r interpret survey results (Richardson, 1996, p.74). Disadvantages of Using Technology in Geographical Information Although using technology for geographical information has many important benefits, it also has disadvantages. Huge costs are incurred in using technology with regards to hardware, software and staffing. The cost of using technology for the geographical information can sometimes be high, depending on the availability of electronic maps and other data. The cost of purchasing the necessary software, hardware and training staff to use technology is a big factor that affects the overall cost of using technology. The use technology for geographical information brings about potentials for mismanagement of the technology. This can result into an inefficient and disorganized delimitation process. Planning, good training, and ample time and resources must be put in place if technology is to be properly used.   Moreover, the use of technology in geographical information may lea d to misuse of the technology. For example, the GIS software can be misused for political reasons where one malicious user can manipulate constituency boundaries to retain control of parliament.  Because one has easy access to collected data and information, one malicious user can easily interfere with the same information to fit his own interests, for example, a politician sending a malicious user to tamper with population figures to gain political mileage with the electorate (Lisa, 2004, p.126). Influence of Future Use of the Technology Access Data The first aspect is Influence of Future Use of the Technology in terms of access to data. Technology will greatly revolutionize access to data in Geographical information. Generally, technology affects GI in several ways. The internet is currently being used for access data transfer, while in the future, technological advances will ensure that internet is accessible to more of the world’s population in a cheaper and faster way. This will mean that access to data will be readily available. The internet also allows the dissemination of GIS analysis outputs and information of a spatial nature to a larger audience. Even recently, people have been able to conduct a search and query analysis on-line, for things of a spatial nature without using any expensive software. This shows how technology is likely to influence the

Immigration in the United States Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Immigration in the United States - Essay Example Through out the world people strive to maintain and higher their standards of living and thus America being an attractive country for standards is a ideal place for people to immigrate to. These illegal immigrants are both beneficial and harmful to the United States of America. This article would further discuss the topic of illegal immigration in the United States of America. Neighboring countries of Mexico and Cuba have mainly created the wave of illegal immigration currently prevailing in the United States. These illegal immigrants have a great effect on the internal structure of the country and also have an effect on the economy of the country. People immigrating to the United States have a basic reason of maintaining their living standards or get united with their families currently living there (Dudley, 2002). Illegal immigrants have yet not been allowed by the government of United States to live and work on the land with their consent. This is mainly because of the damages caused by these immigrants through out the country. The immigrants currently living on the land of United States is increasing rapidly and is making the situation alarming for the authorities. The population of the whole country is increasing day by day and thus the problems in the country are increasing. Illegal immigrants have a direct impact on the employment rate of the Nativ e Americans. This is because of the cheap labor provided by these illegal immigrants to the employer. And naturally due to the cheap labor provided by these illegal immigrants they are preferred by the employers. It is estimated that these immigrants have dislocated 730,000 jobs in this process (Hazen & Lane, 1998). On the other hand these illegal immigrants add up to the already congested traffic in the United States of America. The required formalities before driving are not met by these illegal immigrants and thus these illegal immigrants are involved in more fatal accidents on the road. These illegal immigrants not only break the rules of the state but also destroy the image of the state. However on the other hand these illegal immigrants have been of a great benefit to the whole economy of the United States. The jobs done by the illegal immigrants through out United States are solely done by them and are not done by any other Native American. These illegal immigrants are specia lly being called upon by employers so that they can work on particular jobs which can only be done by them. This helps to fill the requirements of the United States in terms of labor. Similarly it is also commonly said that the illegal immigrants are not openly paying taxes to the government and are therefore affecting the whole economy of the United States. However with the help of a massive research campaign it was found out the illegal immigrants are paying taxes in accordance to the states policy. Illegal immigrants helped to make $428 dollars to the states gross domestic product in the year of 2006 (Newman, 2006). This shows that even without the documents these illegal immigrants are partially paying the taxes of the state. It is shown through extensive research that immigrants play a vital role in stabilizing the economy of the United States (Flash, 1965). They also play a varying role in different work fields and bring both skilled and unskilled labor to

Apartheid and Crimes in South Africa Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Apartheid and Crimes in South Africa - Essay Example The novel tells the story of Stephen Khumalo who is a black Christian in the rural South Africa who sets for Johannesburg to look for the missing members of his family, his sister Gertrude and his son Absalom and his brother John. Even though, he gets to fin d them, it is evident that it is at an appalling cost. This is because he finds his brother having lost his faith and in turn learnt to hate his sister had lost her dignity and turned to prostitution, and his son having killed Arthur Jarvis son who is a white man opposed to the apartheid. Despite all these findings, it is noteworthy that the novel ends in a hopeful note, and this is by way of a conversation between James and Stephen on the future of South African racial understanding. This paper assesses the novel by focusing on the rampant crime that existed in the then South Africa, and this is to establish the accurate origin of the crimes. This book is laid down in South Africa of the 1940s a time during which there was both economic and political tensions that had resulted into a lengthy complicated history. Before the arrival of the Europeans in the mid 1600s, South Africa was inhabited by a considerable number of African tribal groups such as the San and the Khoikhoi and afterwards the Bantu speakers who are the ancestors of the present Zulus (Natarajan, 200). Even though, the Europeans had not come to settle as colonizers, a century later had resulted into a settlement of Europeans into deeper areas of South Africa, thus, displacing the native south Africans (Natarajan, 202). The arrival of the English almost a decade later transformed South Africa into a colony, and this had disastrous effects on the South Africans. This led to a conflict between the Boers who were the European settlers of South Africa and English, but it was till 1881 that a war between them transpired. However, this was after a series of clashes between the Boers and the native South Africans. At this time, it is evident that bla ck workers were only permitted to hold unskilled jobs, and subjection to pass laws that restricted their freedom (Ikejiaku, 451). The enactment of the Natives Land Act led to a reduction in the land the natives were permitted to own. This is evidenced by the assertion of Arthur Jarvis that it is merely a tenth of the territory, that was allocated to the native south Africans yet they formed four fifth of the country’s population (Paton, 156). This subsequently resulted into the emigration of most native South Africans into urban areas to work on mines. This influx of cheap labor was welcomed by the min e owners, who did not care about the housing and services of these people. It is in this context that the novel begins as Stephen Khumalo goes to the city to look for his son and other members of his family, and these are associates he had not made out for a lengthy time. The status of his family members at the time he finds them paints a true picture of the social evils in the Apartheid Africa, and this is of course the cause of the rampant crimes in South Africa. This is a clear indication that it is the society itself that caused the crimes. The novel depicts the whites as those affected by the native crime but also sheds some light on the social instabilities as well as moral issues as the cause for the breakdown of the tribal system. This disconnection, thus, leads to conglomeration of crime as the natives strive to survive.

Geographical Information Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Geographical Information - Coursework Example The maintenance of networks of infrastructure depends on reliable information regarding dimensions, capacity, location, and depth. Use of technology ensures more reliability (Culpin, 1983, p.144). In addition, information linking location and development potentials allows local tax assessment collection to be carried out in a more transparent and easier manner, as all the records can easily be accessed; this has been one important benefit. Another benefit is that technology provides a good platform for establishment of transparent and reliable information systems, as it makes data more accessible and systematic. When there is easy access to data, then governance is improved (Culpin, 1983, p.145). In using technology for the GI, when doing Household Travel Surveys, one is able to collect data in a more efficient manner. Moreover, the data quality is improved immensely and the survey costs minimized. Moreover, technology provides a platform for integration of data and products to bette r interpret survey results (Richardson, 1996, p.74). Disadvantages of Using Technology in Geographical Information Although using technology for geographical information has many important benefits, it also has disadvantages. Huge costs are incurred in using technology with regards to hardware, software and staffing. The cost of using technology for the geographical information can sometimes be high, depending on the availability of electronic maps and other data. The cost of purchasing the necessary software, hardware and training staff to use technology is a big factor that affects the overall cost of using technology. The use technology for geographical information brings about potentials for mismanagement of the technology. This can result into an inefficient and disorganized delimitation process. Planning, good training, and ample time and resources must be put in place if technology is to be properly used.   Moreover, the use of technology in geographical information may lea d to misuse of the technology. For example, the GIS software can be misused for political reasons where one malicious user can manipulate constituency boundaries to retain control of parliament.  Because one has easy access to collected data and information, one malicious user can easily interfere with the same information to fit his own interests, for example, a politician sending a malicious user to tamper with population figures to gain political mileage with the electorate (Lisa, 2004, p.126). Influence of Future Use of the Technology Access Data The first aspect is Influence of Future Use of the Technology in terms of access to data. Technology will greatly revolutionize access to data in Geographical information. Generally, technology affects GI in several ways. The internet is currently being used for access data transfer, while in the future, technological advances will ensure that internet is accessible to more of the world’s population in a cheaper and faster way. This will mean that access to data will be readily available. The internet also allows the dissemination of GIS analysis outputs and information of a spatial nature to a larger audience. Even recently, people have been able to conduct a search and query analysis on-line, for things of a spatial nature without using any expensive software. This shows how technology is likely to influence the