The lost battle :: essays research papers

The Alamo General Sam Houston is in charge of the Alamo but he needs time to get a army ready to fight Santa Anna. Houston trusts Jim Bowie and Travis but now Bowie is drunk so he leaves Travis in charge of the Alamo. Then Houston leaves with his army to get it ready to fight. Bowie wakes up from being drunk and they raise the flag. Bowie doesnt think they can beat Santa Anna and his 7,000 troops. Travis gets word that Santa Anna and his work force just crossed a river that is way closer than he had thought. Travis does not tell his troops because they have no hope. Davy Crockett arrives at the Alamo with his men and they dance and drink. Travis does not drink and he wants to give a speech to altogether of the men about how Texas has no rights. Crockett makes Emil pay a little boy a tip for caring a womans bags. Crockett wants her to leave if she wants. Emil and his men try to attack Crockett in the street and Crockett and Bowie beat them up and then they go and have a drink. The w omen told Crockett that there was gun powder in a church and then Crockett and Bowie and some of their men that were sober went to get it and they bring it back to the Alamo they find about 50 rifles and gunpowder. Crockett has Flaca write a letter in Spanish to himself. Travis asks Crockett to ask his men if they will fight and he asks them and they will stay and fight. Crockett has Flaca read the letter in front of everyone and says its from Santa Anna but then afterwards they talk about it he tells them it was from him and that he wrote it. Crockett make Flaca leave to safety. The Mexicans come and tell them to leave but Travis wants to have a war. The Mexicans have a coarse cannon so at night Crockett and Bowie sneak out with their men and blow it up by putting mud down the cannon. They are footrace back and the Mexicans are shooting at them but they all make it back ok. Travis says that they cant do that again. Bowie says hes going to leave in the morning with his men but Cr ockett gets him drunk and then he changes his mind and says hes going to stay and fight in the war.

More Than Meets The Eye Essays -- Literary Analysis, Shakespeare

Throughout history, individuals have notoriously been subject to high powers. This form of ownership of an individual exemplifies itself in slavery, indentured servitude, and even in the governmental systems that fit in reign over the general population. The ability of one soulfulness to rule over another arises from both moral and physical inequalities. Jean-Jacques Rous seau, a prominent Genevan philosopher, attempts to bring on the reservoir of inequality. In The routine Discourse, Rousseau systematically dissects the movement of homo away from their natural state and attempts to explain how inequality is derived. Shakespeares The Tempest tells the tale of a usurped Duke, Prospero, who suffers a life of exile on a secret island. Overthrown by his own brother Antonio, Prospero seeks revenge. In a series of carefully planned events, Prospero strands a group of European lords on his isle, one of whom is Antonio. Using his association of magic, Prospero succeeds at obtaining control over his kingdom of Milan. On the surface, The Tempest appears unrelated to the work by Rousseau. However, quite the contrary is true. The Tempest is inundated with many quasi(prenominal) philosophical ideas discussed in The Second Discourse. When comparing The Tempest and The Second Discourse, the themes of inequality versus equality, nature versus nurture, and tike man versus civilized man prevail.As described in The Tempest, it is clear to identify that inequality exists amongst the islands inhabitants. Shakespeare illustrates this inequality with reference to the character Prospero. After creation dethroned as the Duke of Milan, Prospero and his daughter Miranda are exiled from the country and set to sea on a raft. With the aide of supplies and magic ... ...for food and shelter. Whether barbaric or civilized, the actions of both Caliban and Prospero melt in a most interesting manner. The Tempest and The Second Discourse are inundated with the themes of inequality ve rsus equality, nature versus nurture, and savage man versus civil man. Jean-Jacques Rousseau, a prominent philosopher of his time and author of The Second Discourse, attempts to pinpoint the origin of inequality. In doing so, he interestingly analyzes the differences between civilized man and natural man. William Shakespeare, a prolific writer during the Elizabethan Era and author of The Tempest, draws attention to issues liner mankind. While at first glance these two literary pieces appear to be unrelated, afterward analysis, they tender many similarities. What is most central is that both pieces offer insight into authority, power, and equality. More Than Meets The Eye Essays -- Literary Analysis, ShakespeareThroughout history, individuals have notoriously been subject to higher powers. This form of ownership of an individual exemplifies itself in slavery, indentured servitude, and even in the governmental systems that hold reign over the general population. The ability of one person to rule over another arises from both moral and physical inequalities. Jean-Jacques Rousseau, a prominent Genevan philosopher, attempts to uncover the origin of inequality. In The Second Discourse, Rousseau systematically dissects the movement of humans away from their natural state and attempts to explain how inequality is derived. Shakespeares The Tempest tells the tale of a usurped Duke, Prospero, who suffers a life of exile on a mystical island. Overthrown by his own brother Antonio, Prospero seeks revenge. In a series of carefully planned events, Prospero strands a group of European lords on his isle, one of whom is Antonio. Using his knowledge of magic, Prospero succeeds at obtaining control over his kingdom of Milan. On the surface, The Tempest appears unrelated to the work by Rousseau. However, quite the contrary is true. The Tempest is inundated with many similar philosophical ideas discussed in The Second Discourse. When comparing The Tempest and The Second Discourse, the themes of inequality versus equality, nature versus nurture, and savage man versus civilized man prevail.As described in The Tempest, it is clear to identify that inequality exists amongst the islands inhabitants. Shakespeare illustrates this inequality with reference to the character Prospero. After being dethroned as the Duke of Milan, Prospero and his daughter Miranda are exiled from the country and set to sea on a raft. With the aide of supplies and magic ... ...for food and shelter. Whether barbaric or civilized, the actions of both Caliban and Prospero combine in a most interesting manner. The Tempest and The Second Discourse are inundated with the themes of inequality versus equality, nature versus nurture, and savage man versus civil man. Jean-Jacques Rousseau, a prominent philosopher of his time and author of The Second Discourse, attempts to pinpoint the origin of inequality. In doing so, he interestingly analyzes the differences between civilized m an and natural man. William Shakespeare, a prolific writer during the Elizabethan Era and author of The Tempest, draws attention to issues facing mankind. While at first glance these two literary pieces appear to be unrelated, after analysis, they offer many similarities. What is most central is that both pieces offer insight into authority, power, and equality.

My Teaching Philosophy Statement :: Educational Philosophy

My Philosophy on Education As an education major at State College, Ive decided to be lift a teacher for several reasons. As I progressed through elementary, middle, and high school, many of my teachers were great role models for me. This has inspired me to become a role model for soul in the near future. My love for science and math has also influenced my desire to teach and make a difference in a childs life. I want to teach students the subjects that I love so much. I want the feeling that I helped a child accomplish or look out something they couldnt understand. One of the main reasons I want to become an educator is because I feel education has really lost teachers who truly love principle and those who truly love teaching and those who have the desire to make a difference. I feel I can really help make a difference in the education world and bring back the love to teach. My placement teachers and the teachers I have had throughout my life have defi nitely influenced my school of thought on education. Although my beliefs concerning education arent set in stone, I believe I have more of an Eclectic view on education. My beliefs tend to come from many of the different philosophies rather than one sole philosophy. One of the philosophical approaches I will take during my educational career is Perennialism. This is the traditional and conservative view, and its chase consider school to be an institution designed solely to develop students intellect. Perennialists generally follow the beliefs of Aristotle. The perennialist teacher must be a good commentator and writer and encourage students to improve both of these skills. Three primary approaches to learning are stresses didactic teaching of concepts such as, the operations and uses of mathematics coaching of skills and seminars in which various topics are discussed in depth through the Socratic method. Along side of Perennialism, I will use Behaviorism. This will allow me to set rules and regulations to break down prepare my students. This will benefit them because they will always be aware of circumstances of their behavior.

The Blackfoot Indians :: essays research papers

The Blackfoot Indians     The wind blows across the lone prairie, causing the golden heads ofgrass to sway in a synchronized motion. On the horizon stands a herd of buffalowith bowed heads silhouetted by the slow sinking sun. In the east stands anIndian war party mounted on horseback, each individual in different multicoloredattire, all with either bows or spears in hand. As they move in for the attack,the mystical scene slowly fades from vision....     This dreamlike scene was once everyday life to the the Statesn Indianbefore they were robbed of all that made their life real. The Indiansoriginally came over to North America via the Bering Strait at a time when theice age caused the gap to freeze over. They came from Asia by following herdsand in search of more than. During their travels, some decided to nail and settledown, hence the many different tribes. The Blackfoot occupied the region ofmodern day Alberta in Canada, and Montana in th e U.S. The Blackfoot consistedof three main tribes the Northern Blackfoot(Siksika), the Piegan(Pikuni), andthe Blood(Kainah). The tribes differed light in their speech, but werepolitically independent. Blackfoot population varied, but was less affected bythe arrival of the white man than some tribes due to their location. "In 1855, in that respect were approximately 2,400 Northern Blackfoot, 2,000 Blood, and 3,200 Piegan.The total population of Blackfoot varied as follows 15,000(1780), 9,000(1801),7,600(1855), and 4,600(1932)" ( ). The decline of population wasmost likely due to the white mans diseases and the annihilation of the buffalo.In 1781, the Blackfoot had their initial serious attack of smallpox. An epidemicof smallpox again occurred in 1838, 1845 1857, and 1864. In the winter of 1864,the tribe was struck with measles and about 780 died. In the winter of 1883 to1884, more than 1/4 the Piegan population died of starvation (600). This wasmainly the result of officia l stupidity and the disappearance of the buffalo.     The Blackfoot were typically large-game hunters and were mainlydependant on the buffalo for their diet, clothing, and receptacles. They besideshunted such animals as the elk, deer, and antelope. There were four mainmethods of hunting, one of which was the "surround". This method required theuse of horses and was done by surrounding the herd, later on which they were shotdown. Another method was accomplished by driving the game down a cliff, inwhich the fall would injure the animal enough to obstruct their escape. A thirdmethod used was impounding, which resembled modern day cow herding. The huntingparty would build fences into which they would herd the animals.

JD EDwards :: essays research papers

COMPANY OVREVIEWJD. Edwards provide innovative, full range business solutions for multinational organizations for almost a quarter of a century. Its innovative approach allowed it to play as a true business partner with companies of all sizes, leveraging their existing investments and taking advantage of new technologies thereby increasing their competitive advantage. 80 international offices are maintained to support an ever-expanding customer base of more than 6200 installations distributed among 113 countries.J.D. Edwards also helped to shape the next phase of e-business in the Internet economy cooperative commerce (C-Commerce). C-Commerce is the ability to deliver open, collaborative technologies that facilitate communication among organizations, suppliers and customers across a supply chain, maximizing value in business-to-business environments.J.D. Edwards has over 80 produce alliance partners, leading to a myriad of platform variations in implementing their business soluti ons. Providing a means for its international sales force to demonstrate their range of applications in ways that emulate the diverse environments of its customers was a formidable and costly challenge.As with most dynamic international organizations, J.D. Edwards has a continually expanding internal requirement for collaborative and business process applications. A number of pending application initiatives meant that the wide area network infrastructure would require expansion. Reducing the network overhead of bandwidth empty-bellied client/server applications could allay costly link upgrades.J.D. Edwards operates a tiered IT administration architecture. The primary IT expertise and 7x24 support services are concentrated at the corporate headquarters in Denver. Administrators are stationed at larger hub sites and also support smaller satellite offices. These regional administrators incur significant travel outgo when server console access is required at the satellite locations.Sol utionsJ.D. Edwards implemented Windows 2000 Terminal Services to provide single instance deli real of its business applications integrate within a wide variety of client environments. Their centralized Windows 2000 terminal servers now provide product demonstration capabilities for an international sales force of 300, spotlight an array of product integration capabilities.Centralizing these complex client scenarios significantly reduced the ongoing support and management of the sales systems. Prior to setting up Windows 2000 terminal servers, demos were being run by individual sales people on their own laptops, they would demo multiple versions of the software by having multiple toilsome drives. That was a lot of administration overhead.Deployment of the constant stream of application updates was also greatly simplified. When there are new versions of client software theyre very easy to deploy. J.D. Edwards also deployed Terminal Services as a delivery platform for a bandwidth hu ngry client/server application.

JD EDwards :: essays research papers

COMPANY OVREVIEWJD. Edwards provide innovative, full range argument solutions for multinational organizations for almost a quarter of a century. Its innovative approach allowed it to act as a true business partner with companies of all sizes, leveraging their existing investments and taking advantage of new technologies thereby increasing their competitive advantage. 80 transnational offices are maintained to support an ever-expanding customer base of more than 6200 installations distributed among 113 countries.J.D. Edwards also helped to shape the next phase of e-business in the Internet economy collaborative mercantilism (C-Commerce). C-Commerce is the ability to deliver open, collaborative technologies that facilitate communication among organizations, suppliers and customers across a supply chain, maximizing value in business-to-business environments.J.D. Edwards has over 80 product adhesion partners, leading to a myriad of platform variations in implementing their business solutions. Providing a means for its international sales force to demonstrate their range of applications in ship canal that emulate the diverse environments of its customers was a formidable and costly challenge.As with most dynamic international organizations, J.D. Edwards has a continually expanding internal requirement for collaborative and business process applications. A number of pending application initiatives meant that the wide area network infrastructure would require expansion. Reducing the network overhead of bandwidth hungry customer/server applications could allay costly link upgrades.J.D. Edwards operates a tiered IT administration architecture. The primary IT expertise and 7x24 support services are concentrated at the embodied headquarters in Denver. Administrators are stationed at larger hub sites and also support smaller satellite offices. These regional administrators incur significant travel expense when server console access is required at the satellite locati ons.SolutionsJ.D. Edwards implemented Windows 2000 Terminal Services to provide single instance delivery of its business applications integrated inwardly a wide variety of client environments. Their centralized Windows 2000 last servers now provide product demonstration capabilities for an international sales force of 300, highlighting an tramp of product integration capabilities.Centralizing these complex client scenarios significantly reduced the ongoing support and management of the sales systems. Prior to setting up Windows 2000 terminal servers, demos were being run by individual sales people on their own laptops, they would demo multiple versions of the software by having multiple hard drives. That was a lot of administration overhead.Deployment of the constant stream of application updates was also greatly simplified. When there are new versions of client software theyre very wakeful to deploy. J.D. Edwards also deployed Terminal Services as a delivery platform for a band width hungry client/server application.

Langston Hughes and the Civil Rights Movement Essay

During the be snips 1930s many pitch-dark writers begin to produce works that helped to shape and see the Civil Rights movement. Among them was Langston Hughes whose poems and writing contributed straight offly to the rhetoric of the day and inspired many African-Americans, both in and out of the Civil Rights movement. Much of this grew out of what was called the Harlem metempsychosis, which emerged during turbulent quantify for the ground, the United States, and black Americans. World War I and the Bolshevik Revolution of 1917 had left the world in disorder and stimulated anti-colonial movements finishedout the third world. In America, twenty years of progressive reform ended with the red scare, race riots, and isolationism throughout 1919 and led to conservative administrations through the twenties. While blacks were stunned by racial violence near the end of the cristal and were frustrated by the lack of racial progress that progressivism had made, they were now armed wi th new civil rights organizations and confronted the approaching decade with new hope and determi demesne.Education and employment opportunities had led to the development of a small black middle class, and few blacks thought that their future lay in the economically depressed rural South, resulting in hundreds of thousands migrating to seek prosperity and opportunity in the North. As these more educated and socially conscious blacks settled into untried Yorks neighborhood of Harlem, it developed into the cultural and political center of black America. It is out of this environment that Langston Hughes developed. In 1926, professor Alain Locke (1969) observed, The younger generation is vibrant with a new psychology, which was shown by a shift from social disillusionment to race pride. Locke noted that this new psychology rejected the old stereotypes of black aunties, uncles, and mammies and substituted instead self-respect, self-dependence, and racial unity, and much of that is the core of Hughes writings. Emerging from social and intellectual upheaval, the Hughes and the Harlem Renaissance marked a change in the attitude of blacks in the United States. While the Harlem Renaissance was not a political movement, its participants, including Hughes were affected by the political world around them and responded in varying ways to their political environment.Perhaps the most direct way that black writers addressed political issues was through political and protest writings, and Hughes made protest a significant element in his works, especially in his somewhat radical poetry of the early 1930s. In his poem Mulatto, Hughes (1994) writes, Beca usance I am the white mans son, his own / Bearing his bastard birth-mark on my face, / I will dispute his title to the throne, / Forever fight him for my rightful place. Throughout his poetry, he directly and indirectly referred to vigorous hatred for the white man, of his passels dreams deferred too long. He used literature t o protest the ine feel faced by blacks nationwide. Hughes writing put a level of anger into the early Civil Rights movement and he and other black writers felt that black literature could be used as a key weapon in the fight for civil rights.Hughes, though his writings also incorporated a little bit of communist philosophy in to the early Civil Rights movement, and Hughes wasnt alone in his ideas. The Bolshevik Revolution of 1917 drew cheers from many black Americans who were thrilled to see a revolutionary organization pledged to racial and ethnic equality and proletariat brotherhood rise up and seize control. Seeing an opportunity to build a strong foundation on black Americans, the commie Party of the United States pledged itself to encourage social interaction and intermarriage as a movement policy, and the organization proclaimed that African Americans had the right to self-determination in the South. Although the movement never really took hold or was able to sustain itself in America, Hughes and fellow black writer Claude McKay were angered by racial problems in the United States and enticed by the organizations pledge to uphold equality. Though never an official member of the Communist Party, Hughes, supported collectivism and defended the USSR through the 1940s. Hughes focused much of his effort into describing the life and experience of the black masses.He believed that social and racial problems were closely related to class conflicts, and that racial prejudice was single a manifestation of capitalism. In the early 1930s, a radical tone was pervasive in many of his works, especially in his volume of poetry authorise A New Song. One of the poems in the collection, for example, called for workers to rally in revolution with the words (1986) Better that my blood makes one with the blood / Of all the strugglingworkers of the world / Until the Red Armies of the International Proletariat / Their faces, black, white, o come through, yellow, brown, / Unite to raise the blood-red flag that / Never will come down Because of many his views, and his impact on the black community, the white society of America at the time of the Harlem Renaissance and even years after labeled him as a radical. Interestingly enough, Hughes with his lifelong perpetration to racial integration was rejected by 1960s radicals who considered him to be a part of the problem, rather than part of the solution.While visiting the Soviet Union, Hughes acknowledged the problems the nation faced in letters written back to the United States, but also claimed that he had not seen any traces of segregation or racial prejudice. He then, for a time, began to share the view that literature needed to be viewed in terms of its potential political gain. According to Witz (1988) he wrote that, Writers who have the power to use words in terms of belief and action are responsible to that power. Hughes began to insist that writers have to demonstrate an awareness of the social and political realities with which they have to live and to take full advantage of the power and effect that their literature may have. Like McKay, he ultimately rejected Communism because of the absence of literary exemption that he observed. He proceeded to express publicly his disillusionment with communism and loyalty to the United States. Still, as with McKay, one must recognize that the political ideology of communism significantly impacted his works and ideas for a time and that those works and ideas impacted those involved in the Civil Rights movement who were taken up by his words.In the early 1940s Hughes also established a personality in his short story writings named Jesse B. Semple. Through these short stories he used this character to represent the black man of his times. Hughes began writing the, Simple stories in 1943. It started as a weekly column in the Negro News makeup, the Chicago Defender. During the 1940s on that point were many authors creating poems and s tories to try and uplift the spirit of the black community in New York. However, Langston Hughes felt inspired to write about a fictional character, which in he attempted to represent all of the feelings of the black man without being blatant or bold. As K divvy upman (19)wrote, Jesse B. Semple is certainly no romantic hero, protest dupe or militant leader, no charismatic character for the young to emulate yet his influence on the black community and their thoughts about civil rights could not be underestimated. He created Jesse B. Semple, a character that would make an effort to represent the common man.His characteristics were that he had little formal education, but he had a lot of common sense and could see the truth in many situations. Langston Hughes used Semple and his stories to project the voice of all the black men of that time. Semple touched on issues much(prenominal) as racism, interracial marriages and any other important issues that showed what it meant to be black d uring that period. Hughes took every issue that he felt was necessary in the accurate deputation of the Negro man, and projected through the life of Semple. The events Jesse B. Semple went through in his stories and his opinions and views of what was going on in the world showed a certain irony that the society of that time had for them. With the stories of Jesse B. Semple and his, simple life, he captured the mindset of every black man of the 1940s.Overall, that seems to be Hughes biggest influence, that he pictured the black America as black Americans saw themselves and then tried to install hope, and pride and a sense of entitlement into them. In poems such as I Too, Hughes dwells upon a theory that blacks had to be separate from others in society. He refers to himself as singing, America and then being America significantly referring to the end of segregation and discrimination. His use of creative imagery shows the kitchen as being a place of distinct yet individual strength. The author implies that by being separated from the rest of society he wasnt of quality to be among the guests of the house, but never the less he demonstrates how being separate made him more of a stronger human being in accepting what others were, and displace aside the ignorance of others, which also demonstrated and ironic twist to the poem, as well as showing the reader that the speaker was Proud to be Black. In addition to those techniques use by the author, he also uses the structure of the poem to set up the reader and show them how the speaker was going from what he is now presently, and what he will accomplish to be in the future. In a nutshell, this is what the Civil Rights movement promised and the fact that Langston Hughes set it all down on paper at the verybeginning, makes the influence undeniable.BibliographyBerry, Faith. Langston Hughes Before and Beyond Harlem.Westport, Conn. Lawrence Hill, 1983.Hughes, Langston A New Song. International Working Order. New York Vi king Penguin, 1968.Hughes, Langston. The Best of Simple. New York Hill and Wang, 1961Hughes, Langston. Mulatto, The take-away Harlem Renaissance Reader, ed, David Levering Lewis. New York Viking Penguin, 1994Klotman, Phyllis R. Jesse B. Semple and the Narrative Art of Langston Hughes.Critical Essays on Langston Hughes. Boston, Mass. G. K. Hall & Co., 1986Locke, Alain. The New Negro, New York Atheneum Press, 1969.Meltzer, Milton. Langston Hughes A Biography. New York, NY Thomas Y. CrowellCompany, 1968Mullen, Edward J. Critical Essays on Langston Hughes.Boston, Mass. G. K. Hall, 1986.Wintz, Cary D, Black Culture and the Harlem Renaissance. Houston, Rice University Press, 1988

Why We Use Stereotypes

Why stereotypes? Why cant we just be judged by our own individuality and not found on psyche elses? Stereotypes basic in ally give people untrue facts about different ethnic groups and their certain characteristics and behaviors. So in this essay Im freeing to confirm to set things straight. Ill define what stereotypes are, why do people use stereotypes and who/how does it usually affect people. Stereotypes are exaggerated or distorted beliefs or images about a person or group of people. They assume that every one in the group have the same characteristics leading them to believe that they are all alike.No one is born believing in stereotypes, they are usually learned from the media (TV, radio, etc), parents, peers, and etc. Even when a stereotype is positive it affects the mind so much that in that location is no room for a person to show their individuality or how different they can be. Many people use stereotypes because its hard for them to fasten on in all this complicate d information about other people in the world. People find it difficult to spend the necessary amount of sentence learning to understand why or what different ways people behave.So then due to that we start accepting stereotypes because their easier for us to understand. Stereotypes affect people all over the world. There isnt one group of people that isnt affected by stereotypes (due to the fact that everyone is basically different from us). The effect that stereotypes take is that it winnow outs the challenges of us getting to know and understand people who are different from us. They dont allow people to be considered different. They give us a usual overview of whole groups of people so we know what to expect and how to act when theyre seen.Also when we have problems with someone of a different group, we usually identify the problem as it having to be associated the group rather than the specific person. So the do impact us on how we think, and feel. Stereotypes also make us v ery judgmental about others and unfortunately they frequently do. Stereotypes make us believe that someone (or that group of people) did something to us, rather than the problem, fear, or rigidity/closed thinking we have within ourselves. Stereotypes have left a big effect on us. We cant be seen as different with them around so we must try to eliminate them.We need to actually take the time to get to know people instead of accepting stereotypes just because their easier. Everyone is different, so you cant just serve at someone and think this is how they act based on whats said about the group in general. Get to understand people based on their individuality not what you hear. Though no one is born believe in stereotypes they are usually learned from the media (which usually impacts us anyways). So in conclusion stereotypes are not whats best to be used and are basically false.

Perspectives of media in health and social care Essay

The objective of this essay is to understand the representations of the media in Human Immunodeficiency Virus (human immunodeficiency virus)/AIDS issue on gays and bisexual persons within wellness and well-disposed care setting. The importance of the freshet media will be discussed to gain insight in promoting awareness on HIV/AIDS. It will clarify some special theories and models of approach as they relate to mass media context in relation to the case studies and conclude.Irwin et al (2003) assert that the prevalence of HIV/AIDS epidemic in both developing and developed world including the United Kingdom (UK) has increased to a level that is beyond the control of the human behaviours as a result, the increase rate of people infected with the HIV/AIDS and the rate of people dying in terms of mortality rate have ca engaged a mend among policy makers, journalists, governments and the Non-Governmental Organisations (NGOs) by means ofout the entire world. For example, people infecte d are estimated at 34 jillion with HIV/AIDS while people who died is at 1.7 million globally (UNAIDS 2012). This led journalists across the globe including the United Kingdom (UK) to adopt strategies and develop tools to combat the epidemics.Hart (1991) defines mass media as devices that simultaneously transmit messages to greathearted numbers of people and indicates that media are classified in three different kinds which include presentational, representational, and mechanical or electronic media. The mass media performs three key functions educating, establishment public relations, and advocating for a air divisionicular policy or point of view. As education tools, media not only impart knowledge, but can be part of larger efforts to heighten health issues and former(a) related activities (e.g., social marketing) to promote behaviour change social utility (Department of Health 2011).For instance, when using the social marketing, the mass media targets a particular through po ster and other adverts to inform gays and bisexual about the HIV. Beck et al (2005) wildnesses that the presentational media ensures face-to-face communication, e.g. speech. He also indicates that the representational media enables messages to be stored, passed over a distance and produced in the absence of the participants because they use symbolcodes of prints, graphics and photography to communicate e.g. newspapers, comics and magazines.Thomson and White (2008) said that the messages are projected through television, radio, newspapers adverts, magazine, leaflets, books, and internet. This is evidenced in the communication model which states that the flow of information is a governing body of conveying a message in two ways, or in a multiple channels, because individuals will get opinions which are influenced by the type of message to be delivered. The model is found on two step system of information flow which in turn influences the wider community (Wellings and Field 1996). I n United Kingdom (UK), the Department of Health allocated 2.9 million each year to promote at the national level, the HIV/AIDS prevention campaigns through TV and other adverts (House of Lords 2010).The application of Marxist theory emphasises on the direct relationship alive between those who have economic power and those who can be able to spread out information across the friendship. Tones and Tilford (2001) emphasised that the environmental model of approach is based on the advocating for the prevention of disease rather than depending on medical cure. Medical treatment is limited in providing effective behavioural change and cure. In other perspective, when using the environmental approach, a set of series programmes about HIV has only attempted to raise the awareness of how the disease can be undertake and prevented. Karpf (1998) identified the looking after yourself model said that this model mainly focus on individuals behaviour change.The concept of look after yourself approach has helped media and health organisations to campaign through TV, Radio and providing advices and necessary information to make people aware of the HIV effects. It also changed the way the society used to perceive the think of of culture in line with the HIV/AIDS among gay and bisexual society, and this has become mainstreamed in the society (Miller 2002). McQuail (2010) emphasis that Marxist theory, put emphasis on promoting ideas than looking at material structure of the society.However, Marxist theory has contributed to the promotion of mass media its critics depend on how media could have the power to influence the society in order to effectively effect change (McQuail 2010). The functionalist theory is based on the human behaviours which are run by the way social radiation pattern reflect some kind of stability in relation to the social reality (Brym and Lie 2010) For instance, the use of TV as a channel todisseminate information on HIV/AIDS has offered sights and r eal message to stimulate people representation to understand the significance of the effect of having HIV/AIDS.Despite the use of TV as means of disseminating the message on HIV/AIDS, has a limited scope in term of coverage because it is often limited to crises (Basten 2009). The UNAIDS (2004) give out indicates that with TV there are some costs associated to it, for instance, the cost of advertising a short avert on health issues such as the HIV/AIDS is high, because of time consuming and creative art for the performance to meet a particular market segments ( Hornik 2008). Beck et al (2005) indicates that the use of the radio as a media of communication has the potential to reach diverse groups of people and huge number of people within the community.

Hemingway’s fiction is not his suicide note Essay

eager Hemingway, the literary genius of the late 1800s produced volumes upon volumes of both rime and fiction. After a short and very fruitful life Hemingway committed suicide entirely failed to succeed in initial attempts. Later, he finally succumbed to the keen equalizer death.Some people beat surmised that Hemingway left clues to his unlikely demise in his fiction, however, suicide cut the strings before they were painfully drawn fall out Hemingway attempted to suck life dry of anything and everything he could fathom (Gunsberg, 1995) This basically manner that Hemingway believed that it was necessary to experience everything, even death, to enrich his art and craft.Although Hemingway committed suicide, and although umteen of his work focuses on death and suicide, it would be grossly unfair to conclude that he foretold his suicide in his fiction because this would be underestimating the power of the writer and his genius. A brilliant writer like Hemingway used his fictio n as a form of exploration of the human condition and non as a reproof of his feature condition.It would be very presumptuous to suppose that Hemingway used his fiction to foretell his suicide as many writers and literaturists would agree that although lit is a means of exposing internal emotions, it is also a means of release hence, Hemingways fiction is more of an illustration of his literary genius than they are, as most would suppose, cries of help of a man in pain. Therefore, Hemingways fiction could not be considered his suicide notes.For instance, in the story Indian Camp (Hemingway), the author does narrate an instance where the Indian Father commits suicide, (Hemingway) but this is simply used as a platform for the issue of emancipation from pain as illustrated by the contrasting incident of the Indian Mother who is professionally attended to by Dr. Adams who stops her pain and successfully delivers her baby. (Hemingway) In this position story, it is not so much the sui cide that is the issue but the prospect of hope and new beginnings that takes center st come along.Another story where suicide is tackled is A Clean and Well Lighted Place (Hemingway) where Hemingway portrays the pain of old age suffered by a deaf old man (Hemingway). In this particular story, there is an incident where the old man attempts to commit suicide by pause himself, but the noose is cut by his niece and foils his attempt. (Hemingway) The story, albeit tackling suicide in wizard of its details does not necessary give much value to this issue, it even illustrates how one cannot escape the pains that accompanies life that not even death can release us humans from what we have to deal with in life.So, if carefully considered, this particular story does not unquestionablely vindicate Hemingways own suicide, in fact it even serves to sissify his own attempt by indirectly implying that if the author believed that suicide was not a means of ending the suffering of existence as shown in his fiction, thus he would have been a great coward to commit what he was writing against. Hemingway did not use his stories as a platform for the justification of his own suicide he had his own reasons for his suicide, and those reasons are not in any way connected to his stories.Finally, in Hills like White Elephants (Hemingway) the author tackles the issue of abortion with a couple arguing over whether to have it (the baby) or not the man insisting of having an abortion and the woman, subtlely indicating that she would like to have the baby. (Hemingway) Although there is no reference to suicide in this particular Hemingway story, what is obvious is the pipeline between two people regarding the issue of ending a life, which, by the way, is not really an argument that you would normally hear from ordinary chat.In this story, Hemingway, again, although, very discreetly, makes references to why life should be valued and why it should be considered with utmost respect, even going to the extent of contrasting childbirth with happiness. (Hemingway) Easily, from this story it is immediately explicit that the author was against any form of taking away life intentionally, and so totally debunks the assumption that his fiction was an indirect indication of his consequent suicide. If such is the case, then it can be easily concluded that Hemingway committed suicide for a higher reason this being related to the progress of his art and craft.Like many other writers who had grappled with the peculiarities of life, Hemingway was no different and like many other creative writers then and now, it has to be considered that art, in any form, is already a means of air out recluse emotions it is a release that is even perhaps more effective than death itself. Hemingway, like many other artists during his time, had peculiarities of his own, and what most of these writers had in special K was the ability to use the human condition as a platform in their work.While ma ny of Hemingways stories talked about suicide, it has first to be mum that the author is not necessarily the I in any of his/her work, and so it would be terribly unfair to affine subject matters in Hemingways stories to his actual existence. The relationship of the author to his story ends with his by-line all the other things in the written work should be set apart from the author. It is very elementary to stand that the author only writes about his/her own personal life because, then, creativity would not have as big a role in literature as it is supposed to have.What could be more accurate, however, is the fact that the literary genius of Hemingway was enough for people who read his work to assume that he was foretelling his own suicide. While this assumption is blatantly misdirected, it simply shows how a writer is able to twist and distort the minds of his readers to think that there is much more to his fiction than meets the spunk (or mind). If such is the case, then every reader might as well apply for a position at the Vatican interpreting the ancient Dead sea scrolls. Works Cited Gunsberg, Ben.Earnest Hemingway Would Be King. Earnest Hemingway. 18 Dec. 1995. 16 Apr. 2009 . Hemingway, Earnest . A Clean, Well-Lighted Place. Earnest Hemingway. 1999. 16 Apr. 2009. Hemingway, Earnest . Hills Like White Elephants. Earnest Hemingway. 1999. 16 Apr. 2009 . Hemingway, Earnest . Indian Camp. Earnest Hemingway. 1999. 16 Apr. 2009 .

Joseph’s Story Essay

Josephs story is a common one of an unsuspected huge heart attack. Even though Joseph had numerous existing factors that put him at risk of heart conditions he continued to live with no fear, or intake to make changes. While playing ball with his son in the park, Joseph experienced his worst case scenario, a massive heart attack. There were several elements that went into this clinical turn for the worst. Josephs heart could presently have irreversible damage due to the advanced stage of the condition.When Josephs heart stopped working in the park the cells that make up the heart started to use up the remaining ATP that was left in the cells. Because there was no heart function to tug atomic number 8ated blood through the vessels the carbon dioxide levels started to increase and PH levels dropped within the cell. The heart was no longer providing blood flow with the rich oxygen and glucose to the mitochondria, which is needed for the doing of ATP. Without ATP it was only a matt er of a few moments before the active transport pumps in the plasma membrane had stopped. This seize of activity had now allowed for sodium to begin leaking out of the cells and potassium to leak in. Josephs lungs could no longer expel harmful carbon dioxide from his body, or bring important oxygen in. Cells were dying.As Joseph lay in the park his son was crying and calling for help. Lucky for them both, some people were nearby who ran to ran to their aid. As one person called for help, another(prenominal) person started CPR on Josephs heart. CPR allowed for fresh oxygen to reach his cells and with every chest compression more carbon dioxide was expelled from his body. However, Josephs cells were hushed unable to produce ATP and the structure of the cells were being compromised to say the least. The lack of ATP also meant that special calcium ATPases had stopped moving calcium from the cytosol into endoplasmic reticulum of his cardiac muscle cells. As the intracellular calcium le vels rose within the cells, they caused proteases to spill into their interiors of the cell, attacking the cytoskeleton.Lysosomal enzymes as well as mitochondrial organelles are usually contained by membranes or vesicles. A lot of a cell does it contained within that membrane. When a cell starts to die the first to start seize is the membrane, exchanging nothing intentional, but leaking nutrients in and out.The instructions Josephs body needs to repair itself and his disposition for vascular disease are both contained within the cell, inside DNA, located in the nucleolus. As the intracellular calcium levels rose, they caused proteases to spill into the interior of the cell, attacking the cytoskeleton. Lysosmal enzymes normally bound safely inside vesicles began to digest the plasma membrane and the membranes of the organelles. Oxygen is required by cells to produce ATP, oxygen, and nutrients, multiple cellular processes affecting hemostasis.Joseph was not treating his body with the care it needed. As a result the cells in his body reacted in a negatively charged way. Health and disease are ultimately determined at the cellular level.

BIO refining

Over the last 35 years Presidents have promised to make sure that America would not have a future energy problem. even concern for oil and energy has also grown over the decades as the economies for both the united States and other countries have expanded. On April 28, 2010 in Macon, Missouri, President Obama gave a short speech at the POET BIO refining plant where he talked about the subjects of extraneous oil dependency. The environmental costs of relying fossil fuels, and clean and alternative energies.Not o mention al the new Jobs that he believes will be created by following his energy security plan. Obama was honest in talking about how pitiable forward clean energy is a long-term plan that could take decades to come to fruition. In searching the University Library I did not discover all articles that openly opposed investing In alternative energies. Even though I was hoping to find at least one that was strongly opposed to investment In clean energy to use as an opposing v iewpoint. I have become somewhat of a conservationist.I am a strong takeoff rocket of recycling, and reducing what ends up in the landfills. I believe that we do need to invest in renewable energy, and that changes do need to be made to treasure the environment and reduce global warming. In the end more drill is only a temporary solution to reducing Americas dependency on foreign OLL regardless of what country the OLL comes from. I was Door In ten Mont AT January, wanly makes me a Capricorn. I nouns I ah not put much creed in astrology I do find that I possess many of the Capricorn traits.I have often been labeled as being negative, scarcely I defend myself as being a realist. My biggest peril is locking myself into Just one way of thinking. While writing this essay about drilling for more oil I found it to be a much more complex issue. There are some extremist organizations like annotation (mm. . Greenback. Org) that would have all the oil exploration immediately halted. Whil e I understand their viewpoint, I do not often approve of their methods.

Mary Shelley Essay

Do you agree? Frankenstein is one of the great unexampleds of English literature, written in 1816 by a juvenility Mary Shelley. The name Frankenstein is gener all in ally associated with the terrifying hellion created in the m some(prenominal) film adaptations of the book. But did Mary Shelley write only to frighten the reader? Or did she write in order to explore deeper issues of the evolving times she was living in? The basic plot of the novel is typical of a blood-curdling horror story a mad scientist creates an inhuman monster, which subsequently goes on a murderous rampage, not resting until it has avenged itself.But Shelleys novel uses various other themes throughout the book, asks questions and expresses hefty views on the changing balance between science and religion of the early 19th century. Through her monster she explores the themes of isolation, the relationship between God and man, the importance of respecting genius and the dangers of obsession. Shelleys novel has been extremely influential on horror stories since as it is one of the most famous gothic horror novels of all time. It is also the starting time to use the idea of fear of the unknown in the context of scientific research.It is one of the forerunners of later 20th century novels such as Brave freshly World, which warn of the dire consequences of unchecked scientific progress. The novel was written as part of a game or competition between herself, her husband, the poet Byron and his friend Polidori. They were disbursement time in Geneva when Byron suggested they should each write a ghost story and see who could write the best. That night Shelly had a terrifying nightmare in which she saw the story of Frankenstein. Shelleys parents appear to have been hugely influential on the novel.Her father was the writer and political journalist William Godwin, who became famous with his work An research Concerning Political Justice. Godwin had revolutionary attitudes to most social institut ions, and as result she had been exposed to many modern radical ideas and had been to public shows where they stimulated the muscles of dead animals or valet de chambre to produce twitching. Perhaps it was this which gave birth in her mind to the famous creation scene of Frankenstein? Her mother had died in childbirth and she herself had lost children, which features heavily in the book.The novel is told through letters from Captain Walton to his sister Margaret in what is known as a Chinese box style. Walton talks about his own story and we baffle to know him, then we are introduced to another character, Victor, who Walton meets in the desolate landscape of the North Pole. Victor tells his story to Walton who relates it to his sister. Victor then tells us, through Walton, of how he met his creation, the monster, and tells Walton all that the creature told him which is then written down in the letters.In this way we get a first hand account from several antithetic characters and we get a feeling of the depth of the story as we delve deeper in to the plot and see each side of the story. Chapter 5 is the beginning of any real horror in the novel. Of course, there have been some mysterious circumstances and the bleak and desolate setting of the North Pole, but nothing to actually scare the reader. But the creation of the creature is Shelley unearthing her fears about the progression of modern science.To begin with Shelley creates tension, setting the scene, saying it was on a dreary night of November and the rainwater pattered dismally both of these creating a sense of unease and darkness. Furthermore, she tells us how the candle was nearly burnt out by the glimmer of the half extinguished light, I saw the dull yellow eye of the creature open, which again forms an image of a dark laboratory with flickering candle light, and creates tension, which have all become classic horror settings ever since.

Adjective Lesson Plan: Teaching with PPP Essay

It is important that advanced students vocabulary continuously progresses. This discovering plan explains how to teach new adjectives.Date 14 July 2013Class Level Level 7 Advanced StudentsLength of Lesson1 hour 5 minutesLesson Type & SubjectVocabulary adjectives.Materials Needed Pictures of weather, realia (abnormally large return/object, flower) and worksheet.Lesson butt Students will learn about new adjectives and incorporate them. Descriptions of verbs will be verbal and non-verbal (writing).AssumptionsStudents have a good understanding of adjectives and how to order them in a sentence. But students repetitively portray nouns with the same adjectives (describing something as amazing or beautiful frequently, without being aware of other adjectives like spectacular and gorgeous).Anticipated line of works & effectsProblemCommitting new adjectives to memory.SolutionAdjective drill incorporating different nouns to describe.ProblemStudents are struggling with sentence structure. SolutionExplain where the adjective is placed in a sentence. Give examples SS repeat.Problem pronunciation of words.SolutionPronunciation drill. schema 1Interaction Patterns TS & STTiming 20 minutes. excogitation of Procedure To interest students pre-teach new adjectives. touch adjectives with nouns. Describe picture shows and objects for a clearer convey. Practice new vocabulary with guidance of the teacher.Presentation* Introduce the topic in an interesting fashion and illustrate how students can apply it in their lives. Advanced adjectives that can be discussed sensory, gorgeous, spectacular, huge and immense. * Hand out objects like flowers, an abnormally large fruit etc. * Cover the new adjectives, canvas them with similar adjectives that they already know. * Teach necessary grammar and structures required to describe nouns. The adjective is said before the noun. * Elicit the names of the objects and model the use of adjectives, describing these objects. This is a large ap ple. This is a gorgeous flower. Students repeat and agree or disagree. * Introduce pictures of other objects like the weather. Elicit what the picture is depicting e.g. sunset or rainstorm. Model some basic sentences using the new adjectives, so that the meaning is clear. What a stunning sunset It is a spectacular rainbow. The immense cloud is covering the sky. Ss repeat.Strategy 2Interaction Patterns TS & ST & SSTiming 25 minutes.Purpose of Procedure Confirm new vocabulary through and through practice identify written vocabulary.* In pairs, SS complete a fill-in-the-blanks (with options) exercise. The exercise is a conversation, with blank spaces that students rent to fill in, requiring the language that was learnt in class. They will have a distinguish of adjectives that they can use. E.g. She has a _______ smile.. * Students compare answers by answering them out loud The first answer is stunning. * Game Two teams are created. severally team is given a noun, and each team gets five minutes to write a list of sentences with adjectives describing that noun. The lists are compared when the time is up. The team with the most adjectives wins.Strategy 3Interaction Patterns TS & SSTiming20 min.Purpose of Procedure Students produce vocabulary independently and advanced adjectives are reinforced.Production1. Students see photos of famous sights the Egyptian pyramids, the Louvre, the Eiffel Tower etc. Elicit where these sights are found and why they were built teacher assists students if they have never seen or heard about a site before.2. Students choose their favourite sites. They shortly discuss why they like that particular site, using advanced adjectives to describe what they look like.

Public Sphere

The opinion that a semi mankind field of honor to which every atomic number 53 stack contri b argonlye on suitable terms is simply a fantasy. To conceptualize that there exists a universe stadium where every exclusive member contributes on an fit direct is highly unrealistic. Correspondingly, many academics perk up critically supported as salutary as argued against this view. There leave behind be sermon of the mankind field of force and various writers views and concepts regarding it, with specific references to Howley (2007) and Turnbull (2006), as well as Hackett (2010), Holub (1994), Apppadurai (2000), Meikle (2008), and Fraser (1990).The different academics will introduce and discuss an high-flown and flawed exoteric compass, a classless creation domain, and the important maps of audiences and histrions. Furthermore, there will be a particular focus on Habermas, his theories and findings so deconstructing his ideas on his bourgeois humans theater pos sible action. Overall, the key short letter in this discussion is that the public sphere is ideally seen as an atomic number 18na for mates opinions, however pragmatically this is non the case and it is problematical to light upon it beca substance abuse of the different factors that exist mingled with somebodys and participants.Holub (1994) explains the public sphere as a realm in which opinions are exchanged between nonpublic some wholenesss unconstrained (ideally) by immaterial pressures. Theoretically open to all citizens and founded in the family, it is the place where something approaching public opinion is formed. It should be distinguished both from the state, which represents official major indicant, and from the economic structures of cultivated society as a whole.Its function is actually to in-between between society and state it is the cranial orbit in which the public organizes itself, formulates public opinion, and expresses its desires vis-a-vis face to face with the disposal. Similarly, a majority of innovational conceptualisations of the public sphere relate back to Jurgen Habermas and his bourgeois public sphere. Habermas defines it as a space of reflective discussion about issues and subjects of a common interest, following an advised popular procedure (Meikle 2008).Thus, a relevant lawsuit would be supplying different resources of media to developing countries in readiness for an election or some contour policy-making decision. By doing this, individuals are being provided an informed pop process, allowing them attack to sources of independent media to make a more informed decision before they elect. This is often present in change surfacets much(prenominal) as elections as it is an arena where private good deal come together as a public as one. By looking back, the characteristics of the public sphere have not changed when analyse the old and coetaneous.Meikle (2008) discusses how Habermas emphasized the role of day-to-day press in the development of his public sphere (p. 129), describing it as the coffee-house coating and how at the time flock would sit and discuss topics and events which would in turn lead to influencing the political culture of the 17th and 18th century. However, it must(prenominal) as well as be noted that Habermas accepted criticism to his notion, as well as making it terminate that the public sphere is not given to every character of society, and it does not own a wintry berth.Furthermore, Meikle (2008) also akinns the public sphere to a place where participants can discuss their ideas freely. However, it is important to regard these definitions as the idyllic public sphere, Holub (1994) mentions ideally in brackets, because realistically it is impossible to have this sort of perfect public sphere where everyone contributes equally. Many academics have criticized Habermas bourgeois public sphere, question if it ever really existed, and if it did, would it really be able to ever exist again?On that note, Hackett (2010) brings onwards the notions that this concept of Habermas public sphere that presumes moderateness, equivalence is false, and then, he critiques it, alongside Fraser (1990), saying that it embeds a masculinist notion of rationality, and a taken-for granted gendered distinction between private and public spheres. It ignores the counter and minority public spheres of subordinate word groups, the rape of societal and economic inequalities into the processes of the public sphere, and the variety of public opinion into effective state policy through with(predicate) representative political mechanisms. (2010, p. 4). Additionally, Fraser (1990) looks at how Habermas theory of the bourgeois public sphere constitutes a number of exclusions, in particular excluding women and individuals of lower social class, as it was not accessible to all. Lower class mess did not have the resources and women did not have the aki n rights, privileges and power as men, in society, to have their equal say. unless some of these factors are still relevant, such as the social classes and accessibility to resources.Furthermore, Fraser (1990) mentions the exclusion of subordinate groups, where she states subordinate groups sometimes cannot find the right vowelise or words to express their thoughts, and when they do, they discover they are not heard and are silenced, encouraged to livelihood their wants inchoate, and heard to say yes when what they have said is no. (1990, p. 64). It is evident, that this access, whether it is technological, power or status related, to contributing to the public sphere still does not equate to equality.Rather, the factors that need to be considered are not access alone, but also what kind of voice the speaker possesses in society. both of which are dependent on a number of factors, such as the speakers status in society, gender, age, class, education, culture and country. Moreov er, public spheres are relevant in todays new social medias like Twitter, Facebook and various blogs. They piddle an arena in which social sites, like these, generate meanings which are then distributed and discussed amongst a large audience, consequently becoming a public sphere and letting fundamental interaction occur with all its participants.This emergence of social media has called for a new public sphere to be formed. Meikle (2008) discusses how media is an inbuilt aspect of the public sphere and that in present society, it is inescapable. Media plays an obligatory part todays newspapers and magazines, internet, wireless and television are the media of the public sphere (Habermas in Meikle, 2008, p. 128). However, for Habermas this role that media plays is an issue, stating that the world shaped by the tidy sum media is scarcely a public sphere on the exterior only in appearance and vigor else.Though the public sphere cannot be regarded as equal, Meikle does suggest tha t it can be look at in a positive gumption regarding it as a useful standard against which we can flyer how the media actually do operate (Meikle, 2008, p. 131). Furthermore, Habermas ideal public sphere has often been said that it is being compromised by contemporary tabloid media and culture. It produces a jumble between the private and public spheres in regards to celebrity culture and making their private lives a public concern and discussion.As well as regarding media as fair(a) pure entertainment, the tabloid media are constructing participants who only consume what they are being fed by the media alternatively of making their own informed decisions (Meikle 2008). Furthermore, Habermas (in Meikle 2008) believes that our contemporary political mediascapes, which refers to the distribution of electronic capabilities to produce and disseminate info such as newspapers, magazines and Television stations (Apppadurai, 2000, p. 326), are in fact are a long way away(p) from being an ideal public sphere.He looks at how public opinion is no long-acting produced by the public, instead, public opinion is presently something produced for the public (2008, p. 129) we are being influenced and there is no prospect to discuss ideas freely, or for there to be complete equality in the contribution to the public sphere because of the different factors that come into play. Similarly, Habermas (in Meikle 2008) uses the term equals in regards to participants in the public sphere. Yet, Meikle (2008), in accordance to Frasers (1990) view, discusses how the public sphere cannot guarantee each persons contribution to be of equal amount.This is because of the reasons and factors that exist in society such as power and status celebrity power over ordinary individuals, access to resources developed and developing countries, and gender the unstableness of power between men and women. Turnbull (2006) looks at the roles of audiences, and why their role is so vital in instances l ike these. Turnbull discusses the medias audience and argues how media is looked at as a centrality in our lives and world, some have less or no access and the social and cultural context of the individual is embedded in their access to and use of various media technologiesThe participation of audiences in an increasingly mediated public sphere may be for the most part conditional (p. 80), as it alters the stance on every participant having an equal contribution to the public sphere. Howley (2007) states that people need to promote a more democratic media culture, for a place that individuals can share their unwashed interests and concerns, discuss topics. He supports that there is not one bushel public sphere because there is not a single medium that is perfect (pp. 357-358).Furthermore, Howley (2007) brings forth the idea that the public sphere is the centrality for media institutions but is also significant for media students, providing a theoretical perspective it helps to em phasize the natural and crucial relationships between democracy and modern communication systems. As the role of a democracy, a citizen who is informed and wishes to engage, needs to be accommodated by the media providing them resources of news, knowledge and opinion, for that individual to then be able to use this to pick out themselves towards this common interest.However, this notion of a democratically public sphere has issues that arise, the main one being the disposition and conduct of public discourse in a highly mobile and heterogeneous society. By regarding societies that have things like ethnic, religious and cultural diversity, aid politics, and economic stratification present, the sole idea of achieving agreement on matters of public policy seem untracked and unachievable.Also, another issue is the contemporary media systems characterised by unprecedented integrating of ownership and control on the one hand, and the fragmentation of mass audiences into even small er niche markets on the other makes issues of access to and participation in public discourse equally problematic (pp. 343-344). Thus, this idea of an equal and democratic public sphere is difficult to have and carry out. In conclusion, the ideal public sphere tries to offer a place where people are able to discuss their ideas freely between one another.However, to believe that individuals can discuss in a completely free manner, with no influence and be complete equals, contributing on equal terms, is a far-fetched hope. There can only ever be a place of equality and rationality in an ideal society, as factors of social, linguistic and cultural inequalities, rights and even freedom of speech of an individual, all go any possibility of equal communication and contribution between people in a public sphere.Public SphereThe idea that a public sphere to which everyone can contribute on equal terms is simply a fantasy. To believe that there exists a public sphere where every single m ember contributes on an equal level is highly unrealistic. Correspondingly, many academics have critically supported as well as argued against this view. There will be discussion of the public sphere and various writers views and concepts regarding it, with specific references to Howley (2007) and Turnbull (2006), as well as Hackett (2010), Holub (1994), Apppadurai (2000), Meikle (2008), and Fraser (1990).The different academics will introduce and discuss an ideal and flawed public sphere, a democratic public sphere, and the important roles of audiences and participants. Furthermore, there will be a particular focus on Habermas, his theories and findings consequently deconstructing his ideas on his bourgeois public sphere theory. Overall, the key argument in this discussion is that the public sphere is ideally seen as an arena for equal opinions, however pragmatically this is not the case and it is difficult to achieve it because of the different factors that exist between individua ls and participants.Holub (1994) explains the public sphere as a realm in which opinions are exchanged between private persons unconstrained (ideally) by external pressures. Theoretically open to all citizens and founded in the family, it is the place where something approaching public opinion is formed. It should be distinguished both from the state, which represents official power, and from the economic structures of civil society as a whole.Its function is actually to mediate between society and state it is the arena in which the public organizes itself, formulates public opinion, and expresses its desires vis-a-vis face to face with the government. Similarly, a majority of modern conceptualisations of the public sphere relate back to Jurgen Habermas and his bourgeois public sphere. Habermas defines it as a space of reflective discussion about issues and subjects of a common interest, following an informed democratic procedure (Meikle 2008).Thus, a relevant example would be suppl ying different resources of media to developing countries in preparation for an election or some sort political decision. By doing this, individuals are being provided an informed democratic process, allowing them access to sources of independent media to make a more informed decision before they elect. This is often present in events such as elections as it is an arena where private people come together as a public as one. By looking back, the characteristics of the public sphere have not changed when comparing the old and contemporary.Meikle (2008) discusses how Habermas emphasized the role of periodical press in the development of his public sphere (p. 129), describing it as the coffee-house culture and how at the time people would sit and discuss topics and events which would in turn lead to influencing the political culture of the 17th and 18th century. However, it must also be noted that Habermas accepted criticism to his notion, as well as making it clear that the public sphe re is not given to every type of society, and it does not own a fixed status.Furthermore, Meikle (2008) also likens the public sphere to a place where participants can discuss their ideas freely. However, it is important to regard these definitions as the idyllic public sphere, Holub (1994) mentions ideally in brackets, because realistically it is unachievable to have this sort of perfect public sphere where everyone contributes equally. Many academics have criticized Habermas bourgeois public sphere, questioning if it ever really existed, and if it did, would it really be able to ever exist again?On that note, Hackett (2010) brings forth the notions that this concept of Habermas public sphere that presumes rationality, equality is false, and consequently, he critiques it, alongside Fraser (1990), saying that it embeds a masculinist notion of rationality, and a taken-for granted gendered distinction between private and public spheres. It ignores the counter and minority public spher es of subordinate groups, the intrusion of social and economic inequalities into the processes of the public sphere, and the conversion of public opinion into effective state policy through representative political mechanisms. (2010, p. 4). Additionally, Fraser (1990) looks at how Habermas theory of the bourgeois public sphere constitutes a number of exclusions, in particular excluding women and individuals of lower social class, as it was not accessible to all. Lower class people did not have the resources and women did not have the same rights, privileges and power as men, in society, to have their equal say. Moreover some of these factors are still relevant, such as the social classes and accessibility to resources.Furthermore, Fraser (1990) mentions the exclusion of subordinate groups, where she states subordinate groups sometimes cannot find the right voice or words to express their thoughts, and when they do, they discover they are not heard and are silenced, encouraged to kee p their wants inchoate, and heard to say yes when what they have said is no. (1990, p. 64). It is evident, that this access, whether it is technological, power or status related, to contributing to the public sphere still does not equate to equality.Rather, the factors that need to be considered are not access alone, but also what kind of voice the speaker possesses in society. All of which are dependent on a number of factors, such as the speakers status in society, gender, age, class, education, culture and country. Moreover, public spheres are relevant in todays new social medias like Twitter, Facebook and various blogs. They create an arena in which social sites, like these, generate meanings which are then distributed and discussed amongst a large audience, consequently becoming a public sphere and letting interaction occur with all its participants.This emergence of social media has called for a new public sphere to be formed. Meikle (2008) discusses how media is an integral aspect of the public sphere and that in present society, it is inescapable. Media plays an obligatory part todays newspapers and magazines, internet, radio and television are the media of the public sphere (Habermas in Meikle, 2008, p. 128). However, for Habermas this role that media plays is an issue, stating that the world shaped by the mass media is only a public sphere on the exterior only in appearance and nothing else.Though the public sphere cannot be regarded as equal, Meikle does suggest that it can be look at in a positive sense regarding it as a useful standard against which we can measure how the media actually do operate (Meikle, 2008, p. 131). Furthermore, Habermas ideal public sphere has often been said that it is being compromised by contemporary tabloid media and culture. It produces a blur between the private and public spheres in regards to celebrity culture and making their private lives a public concern and discussion.As well as regarding media as just pure ente rtainment, the tabloid media are constructing participants who only consume what they are being fed by the media instead of making their own informed decisions (Meikle 2008). Furthermore, Habermas (in Meikle 2008) believes that our contemporary political mediascapes, which refers to the distribution of electronic capabilities to produce and disseminate information such as newspapers, magazines and Television stations (Apppadurai, 2000, p. 326), are in fact are a long way away from being an ideal public sphere.He looks at how public opinion is no longer produced by the public, instead, public opinion is now something produced for the public (2008, p. 129) we are being influenced and there is no opportunity to discuss ideas freely, or for there to be complete equality in the contribution to the public sphere because of the different factors that come into play. Similarly, Habermas (in Meikle 2008) uses the term equals in regards to participants in the public sphere. Yet, Meikle (2008) , in accordance to Frasers (1990) view, discusses how the public sphere cannot guarantee each persons contribution to be of equal amount.This is because of the reasons and factors that exist in society such as power and status celebrity power over ordinary individuals, access to resources developed and developing countries, and gender the imbalance of power between men and women. Turnbull (2006) looks at the roles of audiences, and why their role is so vital in instances like these. Turnbull discusses the medias audience and argues how media is looked at as a centrality in our lives and world, some have less or no access and the social and cultural context of the individual is embedded in their access to and use of various media technologiesThe participation of audiences in an increasingly mediated public sphere may be largely conditional (p. 80), as it alters the stance on every participant having an equal contribution to the public sphere. Howley (2007) states that people need to promote a more democratic media culture, for a place that individuals can share their mutual interests and concerns, discuss topics. He supports that there is not one sole public sphere because there is not a single medium that is perfect (pp. 357-358).Furthermore, Howley (2007) brings forth the idea that the public sphere is the centrality for media institutions but is also significant for media students, providing a theoretical perspective it helps to emphasize the essential and crucial relationships between democracy and modern communication systems. As the role of a democracy, a citizen who is informed and wishes to engage, needs to be accommodated by the media providing them resources of news, information and opinion, for that individual to then be able to use this to identify themselves towards this common interest.However, this notion of a democratically public sphere has issues that arise, the main one being the nature and conduct of public discourse in a highly mobile and h eterogeneous society. By regarding societies that have things like ethnic, religious and cultural diversity, partisan politics, and economic stratification present, the sole idea of achieving agreement on matters of public policy seem inaccessible and unachievable.Also, another issue is the contemporary media systems characterised by unprecedented consolidation of ownership and control on the one hand, and the fragmentation of mass audiences into even smaller niche markets on the other makes issues of access to and participation in public discourse equally problematic (pp. 343-344). Thus, this idea of an equal and democratic public sphere is difficult to have and carry out. In conclusion, the ideal public sphere tries to offer a place where people are able to discuss their ideas freely between one another.However, to believe that individuals can discuss in a completely free manner, with no influence and be complete equals, contributing on equal terms, is a far-fetched hope. There can only ever be a place of equality and rationality in an ideal society, as factors of social, linguistic and cultural inequalities, rights and even freedom of speech of an individual, all affect any possibility of equal communication and contribution between people in a public sphere.

Developmentally appropriate and child-centered curricula

Ensuring that curriculum in premature puerility education is both developmentally appropriate and child-centered involves educators making decisions round the approximately germane(predicate) content to include in the curriculum based on the conducts, interests and capabilities of the learners. Developmental psychologists such as Erik Erikson and jean Piaget, have done extensive work in describing the cognitive changes that children go through throughout their lifetime. noesis of these changes is important in guiding decisions about curricula content, material and activities.Piaget proposed that all(prenominal) child moves progressively through each of four stages of cognitive development as they mature physically. These are the sensorimotor, pre useable, concrete operational and formal operational periods. At the azoic childhood level a child is in the sensorimotor and preoperational stages which lasts between ages home in (0) to two (2) years old and two (2) to seven (7) years respectively. Children first learn about their surroundings by using their senses and motor skills.(Slavin, 2000, p. 33).Edwards (2005) believes that these stage-based characteristics that Piaget has identified are important starting points for curriculum design as educators need to have a clear understanding of the characteristics of learners before any decision can be made about what curricula content to deliver to them. In designing an early childhood curriculum Jalongo, Fennimore, Pattnaik, Laverick, Brewster, and Mutuku (2004) pick out that the child essential figure at the center of this process.As a results the developmental needs of the child must be first and foremost in the mind of the educator as decisions are made about curricula content and structure. First and foremost an early childhood curricula must be specific to the early childhood level. Jalongo et al (2004) caution that early childhood programs must be designed specifically for early childhood educati on rather than replicate the curriculum and pedagogy that characterizes later academic experiences (p. 145). Consequently tasks should be so designed so that they are manageable based on the cognitive and physical capabilities of the children.Additionally the designers of curricula material need to ensure that such programs and the material that go along with them are innovative. Educators in the field should work collaboratively in deciding on the most appropriate material to include in the curriculum. Moreover when it comes to actual classroom implementation the curriculum should be used as a guide and not as an infrangible (Jalongo et al, 2004). This way of life that teachers should be flexible in implementing aspects of the curriculum based on the unique needs of their picky set of learners.Furthermore curricula should be continuously improved to reflect new knowledge about how children at the early childhood level learn. For each group of students the curriculum should be ado pted to better serve their needs and challenges. Consideration must be given to the particular ethnic, cultural, and language characteristics of the children concerned and seek to meet them where they are. This means that, rather than trying to force children into a pre-made mold, educators must ensure that the children are the basis used in constructing the mold.Evidently the task of designing developmentally appropriate curriculum, though it is left mainly up to the educator who interacts most intimately with the students, must take into account the specific needs, interests and capabilities of learners. Educators cannot leave the child out of planning the early childhood curriculum. Failure to include the group at which early childhood programs are geared willing only result in failure both on the part of the educator and the learner.ReferencesEdwards, S. (2005, Mar). Childrens encyclopedism and developmental potential Examining the theoretical informants of early childhood cur ricula from the educators perspective. Early Years, 25(1), 6780.Jalongo, M. R., Fennimore, B. S., Pattnaik, J., Laverick, D. M., Brewster, J. & Mutuku, M. (2004, Dec). blend perspectives A global vision for high-quality early childhood education. Early Childhood Education Journal, 32(3), 143-155.Slavin, R. E. (2000). Educational psychology Theory and Practice. (6th ed.). Boston Allyn and Bacon.

International Hr P

externalistic HR Project Procter & hazard Co. Rachel Angelina Walker Morrisville State College BSAD 415 internationalist Human Resource Management Dr. Linda F. food turner February 10, 2013 Organizational Back motive P&G is a international manufacturer and marketer of branded consumer products. The federation markets its products in over 180 countries spanning Americas, Europe, EMEA and Asian region. In the connection indite (The Proctor and pretend Comp any(prenominal)), P&Gs organizational structure is explained as being comprised of global employment units, global trading operations global moving in services and corpo measure functions.The conjunction is organized into two global business units stunner and grooming, and household forethought. The main focus of this business unit is new product upgrades, innovations and marketing plans. The lodge visibleness (The Proctor and Gamble Company) excessively states that P&G is one of the worlds largest consumer goods comp anies. Its products reach 4. 4 billion heap worldwide. P has the strongest portfolio of brands in the labor, with 50 leadership brands that generate 90% of the familiaritys sales and pelf (p. 123).P has a leading market lay out and strong brand portfolio which volunteers them with a competitive advantage. The 2012 company profile (The Proctor and Gamble Company) recorded revenues of $83,680 million, an increase of 3. 2% over 2011. P listed North America as the companys largest geographic market, this accounts for 39% of their total revenues. P&G gene place revenues through and through five reportable segments fabric cargon and home cargon (32. 1%* of the total revenues in 2012), beauty (24%), baby c argon and family c ar (19. 4%), health c be (14. 6%) and grooming (9. %)(p. 103). The current global operations that comprise P&Gs trade Development Organization involve go-to-market plans at the local anaesthetic anaesthetic anaesthetic level with dedicated retail customer, tr ade driveway and country-specific teams. It is organized into five geographic units North America, Western Europe, Central and easternern Europe/Middle East/Africa, Latin America and Asia which comprises Japan, Greater chinaw ar and ASEAN/Australia/India/ Korea. For 2013, the company provide be forming a fit supposition in the Asian geographic unit. Intricacies of Global OrganizationsAs we prepare to expand our operations to china, we go out begin by creating an international design and structure. T present volition be several stages that our company undergoes in an attempt to live into the Chinese market successfully. First, we plan to engage in portfolio investment in order to purchase expect from the local planetary houses in china. Procter & Gamble Co. is a worldwide recognized company established in legion(predicate) markets across the globe. in that locationfore, although we result be emphasizing the exportation and sales of our products in the Chinese market, this stage go away not be a very big operation due to our already existing global familiarity.At this date, our company get out take on light training to hold that our employees rent the capabilities to do business across borders. As stated previously, we already operate across several boarders so the training will just ensure some skill sharpening among existing employees who will be affected by our refinement to mainland China. The second stage in creating our international structure will be sales. In this stage we will be focusing on hiring managers, or training existing managers, who will specialize in purchasing and sales in China.The next stage deals with our method of entering the Chinese market, we have chosen to stepwise expand into China by beginning with licensing. By doing this we have located firms that already exist in China that are capable and experienced with manufacturing our products. By licensing, we are able to cut costs and be more(prenominal) integral in the local community allowing for a more seamless expansion into Chinese market. The only person that will be involved in these operations from Procter & Gamble Co. will be the Sales Negotiator that we have hired and trained.Technology will be an key tool in the alert relationship between our negotiating manager and our licensing operations. Our final and most exciting stage will be the conjugation venture that Procter & Gamble Co. has set up in China. We will be partnering with a local company who we will do business with for the contracted time of three years which we decided was ample time to get started in the market. A joint venture is defined as the corporation of two or more businesses in which they share assets, profits, loss and even gave a control in the organization. twain parties bear the take a chance of loss, as well as, a share in the assets in a joint venture. Advantages 1. Sharing the scotch risk. 2. Using larger bullion 3. As a joint venture, companies wil l access larger funds for the production and products. Therefore, there will be greater chances of companys growth. Disadvantages 1. Shared profit Both the parties have to share the profit and that may be the written agreement. 2. Importance of Joint Venture agreement. It is cave in for some(prenominal) the parties if everything gets clarified on the paper before signing in to the joint venture agreement. . unwanted outcome As there will not be one party who will be liable to supervise the departments so there female genital organ be dis launches and lawsuits. Employees from each company will be assigned to the new China establish entity. An equal share of managers and workers from each company will be hired and re-trained to align culture and company goals among employees. P will incorporate best policies and practices from both(prenominal) entities in order to create equality among the IJV for employees from each entity. As we expand our operations to China, Procter & Gamble Co. ill utilize a transnational business strategy. As a company we want to countersink our company as much as possible to the Chinese community while remaining somewhat familiar to our familiar employees who will be moving with our operations to China. The transnational approach allows us to attempt to maximize both global and internal responsiveness and integration. The goal is for us to appear as a local firm in the communities we are locating to. Other attempts to localize will include unlike charities and fundraising for culturally important prints in the community.The company will maintain a functional structure in order to simplify communication across our umteen global expansions. (Dibadj, Powers & OConnor, 2012, p. 12). another(prenominal) issue that must be addressed is the eccentric the Chinese government plays in our economic activities. There are obviously many differences between doing business in a democratic government and doing business in China which is a communist country. As the most populous nation in the world, China liberty chits awesome electromotive force markets for multinationals.Currently, multinationals dominate FDI in China, just they are faced with very different risks and characteristics from the local Chinese enterprises that have traditionally served as Chinas major investors (Chitakornkijsil, 2011, p. 1). Some of the downfalls the Chinese economy were illustrated in a study by Chitakornkijsil (2011) which concluded, the accumulating entropy gained from these investments shows very mixed results. Telephones cannot be connected to each other. Many Chinese are reluctant to let the cat out of the bag to strangers. Others are bankrupt (p. ). The governments activity will affect our global operations in China because the lack of technology, like lack of telephones, causes a communication problem for both marketing and internal communication. Also, the neighborly differences like not communicating with strangers may mend it hard for HR to integrate the domestic and Chinese cultures in the workplace. Another risk associated with entering China is as, for intellectual-property violations, many regard China as being in a league of its own. The nation is a major world center of counterfeiting.Copyright violations are conducted by unscrupulous business people and abetted by the employees of the multinationals being ripped off. Some mainland-based Western pharmaceutical manufacturers put the counterfeit rate at 10 percent or more. Increasingly, as multinationals suffer losses, decisions about whether to make further investments in China may be dropped altogether or put on hold. The counterfeiting issue influences P&Gs ability to raise the prices of products because counterfeiters can undercut on price.In addition, when counterfeiters sell unsafe or humble products, they undermine and harm its owners reputation and undermine loyalty to the brand with customers (Chitakornkijsil, 2011, p. 4). Despite the various detrimental characteristics of doing business in China, there are many encouraging qualities as well. One of the benefits was mentioned by Chitakornkijsil (2011) is, The opportunity to have access to the most populous nation in the world, China offers awesome potential markets for multinationals (p. 1).Also, there are various ways to avoid the implications described previously like copyright fraud. different foreign multinationals depend on joint ventures with local partners to decipher the local terrain. The local partners ideally would provide knowledge of local conditions and business environmentsHowever, for now, China remains a high-risk but high-potential market. (Chitakornkijsil, 2011, p. 11). I look confident in the joint venture we have contracted and the extensive research weve through about the Chinese economy.As Chitakornkijsil (2011) stated, the joint venture will ideally provide knowledge of local conditions and at long last prevention of local issues. Although there are risks that Procter & Gamble Co. will be taking by expanding to China, it is a high-potential market and as the Senior Executive for HR, I feel the potentials outweigh the risks. Cultural Implications and Differences The quest table demonstrates some of the many cultural differences P employees will face when integrating with our Chinese counterpart. We will prepare our employees as well as the employees joining the IJV with proper cultural training.This training will be mandatory for all positions affected by the joint venture all employees will be paying(a) and rewarded for completed training. At the end of training, employees will be tested for competency as it relates to their individual position in the IJV. Chinese Americans Conception Of the Self Collectivist Higher value fit(p) on chemical group cooperation Individualist Higher value placed on self-reliance.Self-promotion and individual modesty. is more accepted. High value placed on freedom from exte rnally imposed constraints. Social Relationships Formal, hierarchical. mint most comfortable in the Informal, egalitarian. People most comfortable with their social presence of a hierarchy in which they know their equals importance of social rankings minimized. position and the customs/rules for behavior in the situation. Friendship Small number of close, lifelong friends who feel late Large collection of friends and acquaintances which changes over obligated to give each other whatever help ability seem time and involves only limited mutual obligations. required. Obligation Relationships with other people involve interactive People avoid interdependent relationships and situations that might obligations. entail long-term Task vs. Relationship Orientation Relationship-oriented Maintaining a harmonious Task-oriented.Relationships are less important than getting the relationship has priority over accomplishing tasks. work through with(p). unity vs. Avoid direct confrontation, open criticism, and Willing to confront directly, criticize, discuss controversial Truth controversial topics. byplay maintaining harmony and topics, press personal opinions about what they consider the truth. with face. Little concern with face. Role of laws, rules, and regulations More credence in personal relationships than in written Written rules presumably apply to everyone and are assumed to nominate rules and procedures for structuring interactions. fair, reasonable procedures and decisions. Time Consciousness Relatively more attention to the past and to the Less interested in the past eye on near-term future. longer-term future. Ascribed vs. Achieved Status Traditionally, a persons status in the society was Peoples status is based mainly on their own achievements, including based importantly on inherited characteristics much(prenominal) as fostering obtained and level of success realized in their line of age, gender, and family.Thi s is changing. work. (Selmer, 2008, p. 208). The cultural differences mentioned in the chart will be at the core of our training seminars. We will strive to provide employees with better understanding so that employees from both entities can integrate and feel equally understood by the company. Various Facets of the IHRM function As we globalize, Procter & Gamble will explore the locations within China that we find desirable for our companys expansion and line the HR challenges that will arise as we re-locate to these areas.The nature of Chinese markets is different than the United States which means that our company has to think carefully about what the given geographical locations have to offer. afterwards careful research and subnormality we have decided to focus on Chinas Tier 1 cities (Shanghai and Beijing). These areas are passing populated areas with a large, middle-class representation and income levels well above the national average. Tier 1 cities are Chinas most matu re markets in terms of consumer behavior, and are typically the most suitable testing ground for foreign companies with limited experience in China.As mentioned previously, we will be staffing our international joint ventures with employees from both our company and the firm we are joining in China. Although we will be using employees who are already with the companies, there will still be a selection and training process in place to ensure that the best fit employees are selected for this opportunity. Recruiting We will be utilizing and internal recruitment strategy within our firms here and also within our partners firm abroad to recruit employees. We will use company resources such as bulletin boards, company intranet, email, and referrals.It may be difficult finding people who are willing to move abroad so recruiting sources should find candidates who have high receptivity to international careers which reflects their status toward working internationally. These include their personality, prior international experience, age, gender, marital status, and education. Each firm will hold a recruitment session on the first of the month to educate employees about the opportunity and encourage them to apply. There will be an application for this position where employees will be entered to bid for the job openings along with employees from our international partners firm.This will ensure that employees from both firms are equally considered for all positions. Selection After all applications are catchd, hiring managers from both firms will collaborate to consider the qualifications of each candidate for the positions applied for. The adulthood of the candidate and their ability to integrate with new and foreign culture and policies will be strongly considered. It is also important that P&G screens candidates for most suitable personal characteristics, such as adaptability and desire to occupy and experience new things and new people.During this selection of in dividuals, our hiring managers will collaborate with the partner firms hiring managers through a series of selection including phone interviews, skill testing, and a final panel interview. Also, by collaborating with the managers from our joint venture we can ensure that employees from both firms are being represented equally and fairly. Management Another key decision to be made is whether to employ expatriates in senior steering positions or whether to localize these roles.Employing expatriates tends to be seen to offer greater operational control, although is also more costly in terms of wages packages, relocation costs, insurance and other expenses. Also, most expatriate managers have a very limited local knowledge of Chinese cultural and business practices, and very seldom have the Chinese language skills undeniable for dealing with Chinese companies on a day-to-day basis. A key benefit of hiring a Chinese manager is the local market knowledge and deeper understanding of Chi nese business they bring to the role.Not only are requital and insurance costs lower for local employees, but Chinese employees very often have existing contacts with suppliers, customers and local government government activity that can be fully utilized (Shen & Edwards, 2008, p. 45). Unfortunately, in many industries the supply of highly skilled local managers with industry experience is extremely limited, and employers may still be forced to pay a premium to attract the right caliber of employees. Equally, staff turnover rates are extremely high in China and retaining quality managers over the long term is challenging.Losing local managers will also risk losing access to their networks and local market knowledge. Due Diligence Due diligence is an important action when setting up in China for the first time. P&Gs objective of due diligence as we globalize is ultimately to verify the trustworthiness of partners and employees, and to identify any red flags before proceeding with any sizeable investment. Although some basic due diligence can be carried out in-house, nowadays there are also numerous legal and risk judgement consultants with offices in China that provide business intelligence, individual background checks, and risk analysis consultancy.Compensation There are a number of different options for establishing a worldwide compensation system. P&G has chosen what we feel is the most fair and uniform system of compensation which is referred to as the HQ scale. In this approach, worldwide salary levels are established at headquarters with differentials for each affiliate subsidiary according to their differing costs of lifetime and local geography. This way every employee will be paid uniformly and there will be no ambiguity between the pay of expatriates and local employees.Also, in efforts to support integration of cultures, there will be raises based on the completion of diversity training. P&G will also offer bonuses for those employees who achie ve specific business goals as well. Benefits Companies in China provide their employees and workers with a variety of benefits. Benefits are an important component of a companys compensation package for attracting and retaining its employees. The benefits, in addition to base salary, serve as incentives to the employees and encourage them to enjoy working for P.Benefits at P will include health coverage, income protection, reimbursement accounts and other programs such as Tuition Reimbursement, Employee Assistance Program, Commuter Benefit Program and Adoption Assistance. Eligibility for benefits will depend on partners paid hours which must be a minimum of 240 hours in each calendar quarter. This is uniform with the requirements of local employees which will ensure that compensation is fair across both local and global operations. Taxes Another third estate concern is value liability.As the employer, P is liable to pay income tax in the form of Pay As You Earn (PAYE) and every three months give the tax certificate to the employee. As far as employee income taxes, we will adhere to the current laws in China which are as follows China Tax Rates 2012 The tax on an individuals income is progressive. As at 2013, an individuals income is taxed progressively at 3% 45%. The 2013 corporate tax rate for domestic and foreign companies is 25%. Small companies pay 20% corporate tax in indisputable cases.Overseas Income An individual and company who are Chinese residents are also taxed on their income outside China and receive a credit for overseas taxes. Qualification for residence for an individual Permanent residence in China while an individual who has no permanent residence in China but has lived in China for less than 5 years is taxed on his income in China, or overseas income that has its origins in China. Individuals staying in China more than five tax years are taxed on their worldwide income too.Table of Income Tax Rates in China for an Individual in 2013 Tax % Monthly Income (CNY) 3% 1 1,500 10% 1,501-4,500 20% 4,501-9,000 25% 9,001-35,000 30% 35,001-55,000 35% 55,001 80,000 45% 80,001 and above (New income tax rates for China employees, 2009, p. 4). Performance Management P has a systematic process by which we involve both local and international employees, as individuals and members of a group, in improving organizational effectiveness in the accomplishment of agency mission and goals. Our employee exertion management includes planning work and setting expectations, continually monitoring performance, developing the capacity to perform, periodically rating performance in a summary fashion rewarding good performanceWell-Being of the International Workforce The employee health, safety, and well-being are very important topics for P and will require extra attention by the firm in many ways. We will have to increase our attention to employees well-being around the world. Since we have more employees at risk bec ause of increased global trade we will establish a more comminuted health and safety policy on a global basis for all employees involved in the IJV to China. We will also have to deal with specific health and safety concerns in China such as the higher air pollution and the risk of kidnapping and/or terrorist attacks. Legal and Regulatory purlieu in ChinaAlthough Chinas entry to the WTO in 2001 helped to liberalize Chinas trade environment to some extent, many industries remain firmly regulated. There are still a lot of industries that remain off-limits to foreign companies and many industries where strict limitations remain in place. As Chinas economy develops, it is also accumulating a growing number of industry-specific regulations and standards, which both domestic and foreign companies should conform to. China has a host of different ministries and regulatory organizations that are responsible for industry regulations and laws. This makes it very difficult for foreign busin esses to comply (Shunfeng, Chengsi, & Jianghuai, 2012, p. 24).In attempt to organize and comply with these regulations, P&G has done large amounts of research in attempt to unravel the web of complex laws and regulations, and try to understand which authorities have primary responsibility for implementing them. References Chitakornkijsil, P. (2011). Risks and Opportunities for Foreign Multinational Companies in China. International Journal of Organizational Innovation, 4(2), 15-24. Dibadj, A. , Powers, S. , & OConnor, M. (2012). Procter & Gamble Time for Action Enabling Growth Through Lower Costs and increase Investments. Bernstein Black take Proctor & Gamble Time For Action Enabling Growth Through Lower Costs & Increased Investment, 1-213. New income tax rates for China employees. (2009).China Business Review, 21(2), 4. Selmer, J. (2002). The Chinese connection? Adjustment of Western vs. overseas Chinese expatriate managers in China. Journal Of Business Research, 55(1), 41-50. Shen, J. , & Edwards, V. (2008). Recruitment and selection in Chinese MNEs. International Journal Of Human Resource Management, 15(4/5), 814-835. doiDOI 10. 1080/0958519042000192960 Shunfeng, S. , Chengsi, W. , & Jianghuai, Z. (2012). INDUSTRIAL UPGRADE, EMPLOYMENT SHOCK, AND LAND CENTRALIZATION IN CHINA. Contemporary Economic Policy, 30(4), 523-532. doi10. 1111/j. 1465-7287. 2011. 00266. x The Procter & Gamble Company. (n. d). Company Profile Retrieved from Marketline.